On December 10, 1986 The Greater New York Section Of The American Inst

On December 10, 1986 the Greater New York Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the engineering section of the New York Academy of Sciences jointly presented a program on mining the planets. Speakers were Greg Maryniak of the Space Studies Institute (SSI) and Dr. Carl Peterson of the Mining and Excavation Research Institute of M.I.T. Maryniak spoke first and began by commenting that the quintessential predicament of space flight is that everything launched from Earth must be accelerated to orbital velocity. Related to this is that the traditional way to create things in space has been to manufacture them on Earth and then launch them into orbit aboard large rockets. The difficulty with this approach is the huge cost-per-pound of boosting anything out of this planet's gravity well. Furthermore, Maryniak noted, since (at least in the near to medium term) the space program must depend upon the government for most of its funding, for this economic d rawback necessarily translates into a political problem. Maryniak continued by noting that the early settlers in North America did not attempt to transport across the Atlantic everything then needed to sustain them in the New World. Rather they brought their tools with them and constructed their habitats from local materials. Hence, he suggested that the solution to the dilemma to which he referred required not so much a shift in technology as a shift in thinking. Space, he argued, should be considered not as a vacuum, totally devoid of everything. Rather, it should be regarded as an ocean, that is, a hostile environment but one having resources. Among the resources of space, he suggested, are readily available solar power and potential surface mines on the Moon and later other celestial bodies as well. The Moon, Maryniak stated, contains many useful materials. Moreover, it is twenty-two times easier to accelerate a payload to lunar escape velocity than it is to accelerate the ident ical mass out of the EarthUs gravity well. As a practical matter the advantage in terms of the energy required is even greater because of the absence of a lunar atmosphere. Among other things this permits the use of devices such as electromagnetic accelerators (mass drivers) to launch payloads from the MoonUs surface. Even raw Lunar soil is useful as shielding for space stations and other space habitats. At present, he noted, exposure to radiation will prevent anyone for spending a total of more than six months out of his or her entire lifetime on the space station. At the other end of the scale, Lunar soil can be processed into its constituent materials. In between steps are also of great interest. For example, the MoonUs soil is rich in oxygen, which makes up most of the mass of water and rocket propellant. This oxygen could be RcookedS out of the Lunar soil. Since most of the mass of the equipment which would be necessary to accomplish this would consist of relatively low technol ogy hardware, Maryniak suggested the possibility that at least in the longer term the extraction plant itself could be manufactured largely on the Moon. Another possibility currently being examined is the manufacture of glass from Lunar soil and using it as construction material. The techniques involved, according to Maryniak, are crude but effective. (In answer to a question posed by a member of the audience after the formal presentation, Maryniak stated that he believed the brittle properties of glass could be overcome by using glass-glass composites. He also suggested yet another possibility, that of using Lunar soil as a basis of concrete.) One possible application of such Moon-made glass would be in glass-glass composite beams. Among other things, these could be employed as structural elements in a solar power satellite (SPS). While interest in the SPS has waned in this country, at least temporarily, it is a major focus of attention in the U.S.S. R. , Western Europe and Japan. In particular, the Soviets have stated that they will build an SPS by the year 2000 (although they plan on using Earth launched materials. Similarly the Japanese are conducting SPS related sounding rocket tests. SSI studies have suggested that more than 90%, and perhaps as much

Free Essays on Longfellow And His Poetry

These are many great poets. Longfellow is one of the few poets that put together novel type works. He created some of the best poetry ever written. Longfellow’s narrative poems, such as Evangeline, The song of Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish, gave a romanticized view of America’s early history and democratic ideals. Evangeline is one of the best long poems ever written by any author. It’s popularity at through all class distinctions. It was read and loved and pondered over in humble cottages (Wagonknecht P.85). Evangeline was the first long poem in America literature to live beyond its own time, and it would be impossible to exaggerate its vogue, either at home or abroad (Wagonknecht P.85). The historical basis of the story was supplied in 1755 by the expulsion of the French settlers from the vicinity of the boy of Minas in Acadie as an incident of the conflict between France and England for possession of the North American continent (Wagonknecht P.86). In the poem Evangeline they are unable to find Gabriel. Evangelines party arrives at a village and finds Gabriel’s father Basil, who tells Evangeline that Gabriel had left only the day before with a party going to the Ozark Mountains to trade for moles with the Spaniards. The priest assures her, however, that the party will return to the mission in autumn when the hunting season is over. Evangeline decides to accept the priest’s advice to await her lover at the mission. But the autumn comes and passes, with no Gabriel, so she again resumes her pursuit (Williams P.153 š). Gabriel Lajeunesse, in his passiuity and elusiveness, is unconsciously fleeing from Evangeline rather than seeking her out. Certainly he is no dominating and aggressive Odysseus, anymore than Evangeline is a merely stead fast and long-waiting Penelope; and the poem, in itself and in the popular imagination, is hers, not Gabrie... Free Essays on Longfellow And His Poetry Free Essays on Longfellow And His Poetry These are many great poets. Longfellow is one of the few poets that put together novel type works. He created some of the best poetry ever written. Longfellow’s narrative poems, such as Evangeline, The song of Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish, gave a romanticized view of America’s early history and democratic ideals. Evangeline is one of the best long poems ever written by any author. It’s popularity at through all class distinctions. It was read and loved and pondered over in humble cottages (Wagonknecht P.85). Evangeline was the first long poem in America literature to live beyond its own time, and it would be impossible to exaggerate its vogue, either at home or abroad (Wagonknecht P.85). The historical basis of the story was supplied in 1755 by the expulsion of the French settlers from the vicinity of the boy of Minas in Acadie as an incident of the conflict between France and England for possession of the North American continent (Wagonknecht P.86). In the poem Evangeline they are unable to find Gabriel. Evangelines party arrives at a village and finds Gabriel’s father Basil, who tells Evangeline that Gabriel had left only the day before with a party going to the Ozark Mountains to trade for moles with the Spaniards. The priest assures her, however, that the party will return to the mission in autumn when the hunting season is over. Evangeline decides to accept the priest’s advice to await her lover at the mission. But the autumn comes and passes, with no Gabriel, so she again resumes her pursuit (Williams P.153 š). Gabriel Lajeunesse, in his passiuity and elusiveness, is unconsciously fleeing from Evangeline rather than seeking her out. Certainly he is no dominating and aggressive Odysseus, anymore than Evangeline is a merely stead fast and long-waiting Penelope; and the poem, in itself and in the popular imagination, is hers, not Gabrie...

Toxic Gases Emitted From the Burning of Coal Case Study

Toxic Gases Emitted From the Burning of Coal - Case Study Example Although the present system seems favorable for the Chinese consumers, yet â€Å"UNDERPRICING ENERGY REPRESENTS THE WORLD’S NUMBER ONE SUBSIDY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION† (Chandler 5). This imparts the need to increase the number of coal power plants in China with the FGD systems installed in them. Presently, Chinese industries that directly burn coal are imposed sulfur taxes upon, but these sulfur taxes are too small to cause any reduction in pollution. â€Å"REGULATED OR NOT, ENFORCEMENT GENERALLY FALLS TO THE PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, WHICH MUST BALANCE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AGAINST ECONOMIC GROWTH PRIORITIES† (Rosen and Houser 36). As a Chinese leader, I would have to determine the optimal level to which the environment can be protected without compromising upon the economic growth of the industry. Installing fully operational FGD systems at all coal power plants in China is certainly not an option given the immensity of increase it causes in the electricity tariffs. So I would consider increasing the number of coal power plants with the FGD systems installed from 4 to 8 per cent to 20 to 30 per cent. This would hopefully cause substantial reduction in the emission of hazardous gases in the environment. â€Å"THE CHALLENGE FOR POLICY MAKERS IS TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES THAT HELP THE MARKET CONVERGE ON THE MOST COST-COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES† (Chandler 5). In order to develop such strategies, I would place emphasis on encouraging market-based technologies that are feasible as well as on eradicating the barriers to the widespread use of those technologies. Another area that requires my attention as the Chinese leader is the transportation boom as it happens to be a potential threat to the air quality in China. â€Å"SOME 14,000 NEW CARS HIT CHINAS ROADS EACH DAY† (Elizabeth para. 9).

From today painting is dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

From today painting is dead - Essay Example The essay "From today painting is dead" discusses the aesthetic impact of photography on the art world of the 19th century. WhÐ °t freed theÃ'•e pÐ °interÃ'• from portrÐ °iture, pÐ °Ã'•torÐ °l lÐ °ndÃ'•cÐ °peÃ'•, propÐ °gÐ °ndÐ ° Ð °nd phyÃ'•icÃ'•? The totÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n dictÐ °torÃ'• Ð °rgued thÐ °t it wÐ °Ã'• decÐ °dence, Ð °nd Ã'•ometimeÃ'• bÐ °nned or burned theÃ'•e eÐ °rly 20th-century EuropeÐ °n workÃ'• or blÐ °ckliÃ'•ted their imitÐ °torÃ'• or Ã'•tudentÃ'•. One could Ð °lÃ'•o Ð °rgue the influenceÃ'• of Ð ° Turner or VÐ °n Gogh or JÐ °pÐ °neÃ'•e Ð °rt, which were certÐ °inly tÐ °ngible Ð °nd viÃ'•ible in Ã'•pecific Ð °rtiÃ'•tÃ'• or workÃ'•. Or the reductionÃ'• in the coÃ'•t of mÐ °teriÐ °lÃ'• Ð °nd the generÐ °l proÃ'•perity of Europe thÐ °t Ð °llowed for more experimentÃ'•. But Ð ° more cogent Ð °rgument cÐ °n be mÐ °de thÐ °t it wÐ °Ã'• photogrÐ °phy, more thÐ °n à  °ny other fÐ °ctor, which chÐ °nged the wÐ °y we think of Ð °rt Ð °nd the role we expected viÃ'•uÐ °l Ð °rt to plÐ °y. The grÐ °phic reproduction of workÃ'• of Ð °rt hÐ °Ã'• Ð ° long Ð °nd diverÃ'•e hiÃ'•tory. PhotogrÐ °phy followed Ð ° trÐ °dition in which the depiction of the fine Ð °nd decorÐ °tive Ð °rtÃ'• beÃ'•towÃ'• Ã'•ome kudoÃ'• on the reprogrÐ °phic proceÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'• uÃ'•ed. Ð t the time of photogrÐ °phy'Ã'• invention Ð ° plethorÐ ° of reprogrÐ °phic proceÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'• were Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °ble Ð °nd theÃ'•e were being exploited to meet the riÃ'•ing demÐ °nd for looÃ'•e grÐ °phic reproductionÃ'• Ð °nd the buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• opportunitieÃ'• offered by rÐ °pidly expÐ °nding Ð °nd diverÃ'•ifying commerciÐ °l mÐ °rketÃ'•. Both DÐ °guerre Ð °nd TÐ °lbot Ð °ppreciÐ °ted the importÐ °nce of reproducing workÃ'• of Ð °rt (including pÐ °intingÃ'•, drÐ °wingÃ'•, engrÐ °vingÃ'•, Ã'•cul pture, Ð °nd decorÐ °tive Ð °rt), not only to demonÃ'•trÐ °te their reÃ'•pective photogrÐ °phic proceÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•.

Mobile learning, technology leadership and technology competency Article

Mobile learning, technology leadership and technology competency - Article Example The article discovered that the principals’ skills that were aligned with NETS-A were fluency in using programs or hardware, knowledge of data and information recovery, interacting with stakeholders, and planning and overseeing resources (Garcia and Abrego). Garcia and Abrego compare their findings to those of the studies cited in the theoretical framework. The article’s conclusion does not deviate from the research question, which is highly commendable. The representation of findings in graphs also makes understanding the study easy. I learned that innovation leaders should be capable of planning and overseeing their respective innovations. I could use this information to expand the research for my dissertation and assist my discussion group while working on our project on mobile technology. Park’s research work did not involve any particular population. Instead, Park used former theories about mobile innovations used for educational purposes to test against and with electronic and ubiquitous learning. Park says the study’s purpose was to offer an improved insight of the features of mobile learning in terms of distance education by comparing three different learning innovations, and changing and accepting the TD (Transactional Distance) theory to suit his research. (Park, 2011). As a result, Park tries to fix former research works into four kinds of mobile education. The outcome of this analysis is the confirmation that mobile gadgets are compatible especially with continuous movement and shifts. The article also says mobile gadgets specially support mixed learning between high and low transactional distances. The lack of systematic methods and research design turn Park’s work into an investigative and argumentative research. The research presented theoretical frameworks adopted from previous researches with the aim of analyzing and comparing them (Park, 2011). All vocabulary in the article are well defined but the

World Health Organization (WHO) Priorities

World Health Organization (WHO) Priorities THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS Abstract In the field of international public health policy and international public health, a significant role is played by WHO. To coordinate and direct health is the main responsibility of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is a body of the United Nations (UN). To assess and monitor health trends, to provide technical support to countries, to articulate evidence-based policy options, to set standards and norms, to shape the health research agenda and to provide leadership on global health matters are the other responsibilities of WHO. In the eradication of small pox, a leading role has been played by WHO, since its creation. The current priorities of WHO are networking, publications, driving the development of reporting, substance abuse, occupational health, health eating and food safety, nutrition, aging and development, reproductive and sexual health, the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases, tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS/HIV. The World Health Organizations Introduction On 7th April 1948, the constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) came into force. In the field of international public health policy and international public health, a significant role is played by WHO. On 22nd July 1946, the constitution of the WHO was signed by sixty-nine countries. To coordinate and direct health is the main responsibility of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is a body of the United Nations (UN) (World Health Organization, 2006). To assess and monitor health trends, to provide technical support to countries, to articulate evidence-based policy options, to set standards and norms, to shape the health research agenda and to provide leadership on global health matters are the other responsibilities of WHO. In the eradication of small pox, a leading role has been played by WHO, since its creation. The current priorities of WHO are networking, publications, driving the development of reporting, substance abuse, occupational health, health eating and food safety, nutrition, aging and development, reproductive and sexual health, the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases, tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS/HIV (World Health Organization, 2010). Discussion Health is being considered as a shared responsibility in the twenty-first century that involves collective defense against transnational threats and equitable access to essential care. WHO is increasingly operating in a rapidly changing and complex landscape that extends into other sectors and that influence health outcomes and opportunities, with the boundaries of public health action becoming blurred (World Health Organization, 2008). Through use of 6-point agenda these challenges are responded by WHO that addresses 2 operational approaches, 2 strategic needs and 2 health objectives. Improving performance, enhancing partnerships, evidence and information, harnessing research, strengthening health systems, fostering health security and promoting development are the six points in the agenda. The agenda of health development of WHO is directed by the ethical principle of equity, i. e. , health-promoting interventions or access to life-saving must not be denied for unfair reasons, involving those with social or economic roots (World Health Organization, 2007). Priority is given to health outcomes in vulnerable, disadvantaged and poor groups by activities of WHO, whose aim is health development. Addressing the neglected tropical areas, treating and preventing chronic diseases and attainment of health-related Millennium Development Goals are the factors that are included within its development and health agenda (World Health Organization, 2005). Through enforcement of revised International Health Regulations and by strengthening the ability of the world to defend itself collectively against outbreaks, the health safety has been fostered by WHO. For WHO, one of the highest priorities is strengthening of health systems. WHO also ensures that health systems do reach underserved and poor populations of the world (World Health Organization, 2007). It addresses areas, like, access to appropriate technology involving essential drugs, suitable systems for collecting vital statistics, sufficient financing, and the provision of adequate number of appropriately trained staff. To monitor the evolving global health situation, to articulate evidence-based policy options, and to set standards and norms, it generates authoritative health information in consultation with leading experts. With the collaboration and support of many partners, involving the private sector, civil society, donors, international organizations and UN agencies, WHO carry out its business partners implementation programs within countries. These countries are encouraged by WHO through use of the strategic power of evidence, so that the activities are aligned with the priorities established by countries, as well, with best technical practices and guidelines. Both within countries and at the international level, WHO participates in ongoing reforms aimed at improving its effectiveness and efficiency as a means of improving its performance. For the ten-year period from 2006 till 2-15, the framework for organization-wide program of results, resources, budget and work is provided by the eleventh General Program of Work, whose title is â€Å"Engaging for Health. † (World Health Organization UniceF, 2009). Core functions of WHO are set out by the General Program of Work. These core functions are assessment of health trends, monitoring of health situation, building of sustainable institutional capacity, catalyzing change, providing technical support, articulating evidence-based and ethical policy options, setting of standards and norms and monitoring and promoting their implementations, dissemination and translation of valuable knowledge, stimulating the generating, shaping the research agenda, engaging in partnerships where joint action is required and providing leadership on matters critical to the health. The attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health is the objective of WHO as set out in its Constitution. Health is not defined as the absence of infirmity or disease but a state of social, mental, and physical well-being by the Constitution (World Health Organization, 2009). For Who, the supreme decision-making body is the World Health Assembly. It is attended by delegations from all 193 member states and is held annually in Geneva. WHO has 147 country offices and 6 regional offices in which more than eight thousand people from more than one hundred and fifty countries work. Its headquarters is located in Geneva. Experts in the fields of emergency relief, economics and health statistics, and people trained to manage information, financial and administrative systems and epidemiologists, scientists, public health specialists and medical doctors are all included within the staff of WHO. Since year 1950, a â€Å"World Health Day† has been celebrated annually on 7th April, to make the founding of the WHO. For World Health Day, each year a theme is selected and a priority area of concern for WHO is highlighted by this theme. To focus on key public health issues that affect the international community, this celebration is a global opportunity. Longer-term advocacy programs are launched by WHO on this day. Since year 2001, the themes adopted by WHO were, making hospitals safe in emergencies, protecting health from climate change, international health security, working together for health, making every child and mother count, road safety, shaping the future of life, moving for health and mental health (World Health Organization, 2009). Health and urbanization were focused by World Health Day of year 2010. To make cities healthier, a global movement has been called out by WHO, with the campaign, â€Å"1000 cities 1000 lives. † To open up streets for health activities, cities are being called and events are being organized worldwide. To illustrate the things done by people in order to improve health in their cities, the stories of urban health champions are being gathered. To open up public spaces to health is the global goal of the campaign, whether it may be activities in closing off portions of streets to motorized vehicle in thousand cities, or in clean-up campaigns, town hall meetings and parks. Conclusion Working in alignment with UNAIDS strategies and objectives is considered as important by WHO that works within the UNAIDS network, in terms of AIDS/HIV (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS World Health Organization, 2006). To eradicate polio is also one of the major aims of WHO. Since its Global Polio Eradication Initiative launched in year 1988, it has been successful in helping to reduce cases by ninety-nine percent. WHO also works to promote healthy and active aging for all individuals, to improve reproductive and sexual health, to reduce mortality and morbidity and to improve health during key stages of life, such as, adolescence, childhood, the neonatal periods, childbirth and pregnancy. References Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. , World Health Organization. (2006).  AIDS epidemic update, December 2006. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=q2H0b-WY1pUCoi=fndpg=PP7dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=o81vt6dHNBsig=w-igCuZIHqhnN14d8Vl-xWjQ6ho World Health Organization (Ed. ). (2005).  Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=F1yj1OloKkECoi=fndpg=PR6dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=AjyzxbbucWsig=8uB9EYpPQVaNQJeHVO2gpjTZPeg World Health Organization (Ed. ). (2007).  International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: Children Youth Version: ICF-CY. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=SWFQDXyU-rcCoi=fndpg=PR5dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=G6RLput0Jusig=ylQmuhg4-KfmHLpDjFhEDBTVstU World Health Organization (Ed. ). (2009).  Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=Ycbr2e2WPdcCoi=fndpg=PR5dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=aeG20uWfbpsig=YYv-sVCkhxmGdgvLlwVsYO2GBwc World Health Organization (Ed. ). (2009).  Global status report on road safety: time for action. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=Ndrf6DuCQHMCoi=fndpg=PP2dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=tclGNoiWXysig=87inySftslVc06SnetZIAvkOjV4 World Health Organization, UniceF. (2009). Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector: progress report 2009. Retrieved from:  http://apps. who. int/iris/handle/10665/44217 World Health Organization. (2006). The world health report: 2006: working together for health. Retrieved from:  https://extranet. who. int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/43432 World Health Organization. (2007). Everybodys businessstrengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHOs framework for action. Retrieved from:  http://apps. who. int/iris/handle/10665/43918 World Health Organization. (2008).  International Health Regulations (2005). World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=YRBoCh3ErrYCoi=fndpg=PR1dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=Xo3mvOQ5pdsig=haHbCg1_ZJ5VfctL0psN90J8oyk#v=onepageq=World Health Organizations (WHO)f=false World Health Organization. (2010).  Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2010. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=BxV0zjM7M8oCoi=fndpg=PP2dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=9TlNotHoP4sig=nKT9pBQnCgx_39qCByn_4OcflyM

Plato :: essays research papers

Plato.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato was the best known of all the great Greek philosophers. Plato’s original name was Aristocles, but in his school days he was nicknamed Platon (meaning â€Å"broad†) because of his broad shoulders. Born in Athens circa B.C. 427, Plato saught out political status. But during the Athenian democracy, he did not activly embrace it. Plato devoted his life to Socrates, and became his disciple in B.C. 409. Plato was outraged when Socarates was executed by the Athenian democrats in B.C. 399. He later left Athens convinced democracy wouldn’t make it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Years after Plato romed the Greek cities in Africa and Italy absorbing philosphical knowledge and then returning to Athens in B.C. 387. There he later created the first University on the ground of famous Greek Academus, which was later called the Academy. He remained at the Academy for the remainder of his life omitting 2 brief periods. He visited Syracuse and Greek Sicily to serve as a tutor for the new king, Dionysis II. Which ended out very badly when the King acted like a king, instead of a philospher. Perhaps Plato’s worse student.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He later returned to Athens and died in his early 80’s, circa B.C. 347. Plato’s work is argueably the most popular and influential of it’s kind ever published. His most popular work are transcripts, or dialogues between the great Socrates and himself. These dialogues are the basis of our general knowlege between Socrates’ views and Plato’s views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato was much like Socrates, in that he was mostly interested in moral philosophy and overlooked science [natural philosophy]. He considered the natural science as an inferior knowledge, not worthy of his time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato loved mathematics mainly because, back then, it idealized abstractions and seperated from the material world. Plato thought mathematics was the purest form of thoughts, and had nothing to do with everyday life. That doesn’t nessacarily apply to the matters of today. Plato belived in mathematics so much that he sketched a quote above the doorway of the Academy that stated, â€Å"Let no one ignorant of mathematics enter here.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato believed that mathematics, in ideal form, could be applied to the heavens. He expresses this in his dialogue of Timaeus, his scheme of the universe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his dialogue Timaeus Plato creates a fictioinal tale of Atlantis to put a

U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate And Oil Price

Both U.S. Dollar exchange rate and the oil monetary value are foremost variables which coerce the patterned advance of the universe economic system. Fluctuations in these variables deeply affect international trade and economic activities in all the states. Determination of the nexus between these cardinal variables is one of the critical issues, whether they are correlated or non. Is at that place any empirical grounds on the nexus between the variables? In this literature, I initiate by appraising all theoretical grounds that could clarify the relationship between U.S. Dollar exchange rate and oil monetary values. To get down with, as oil monetary value and oil trade is denominated in United State ‘s Dollars, motions in the effectual exchange rate of U.S. Dollar impact the monetary value of oil as alleged by all states outside United States. Therefore, fluctuation in the dollar exchange rate can arouse alterations in demand and supply of oil, which cause alterations in the oil monetary value. Second, the opposite tendency can besides be found, i.e. , oil monetary value fluctuation trigger alterations in effectual exchange rate. The ground can be found in the literatures on the effectual exchange rates. In the theoretical account proposed by Farquee ( 1995 ) , if a state stocks foreign assets, its effectual exchange rate appreciates and this motion occurs without hindering its current history balances. This is due to the ground that capital income absorbs the loss in trade grosss induced by the deteriorated fight. Change in oil monetary value affects all the universe instabilities and this induced alteration in international assets may hold an impact on effectual exchange rates of different states of the universe. Last but non the least, I take aggregation of different portfolio theoretical accounts, most significantly the 1s by Golub ( 1983 ) and Krugman ( 1983a ) which are developed to account for trade and fiscal interactions such as assistance and grants between United States, oil manufacturer states and the remainder of the universe particularly Europe. The comprehensive study of theoretical and empirical interactions between the two cardinal variables opens the manner for every possible nexus between the two variables either negative, positive and in both waies of causality. If there are some theoretical grounds for every possible nexus, so one has to be stronger than others. Therefore, the inquiry is to unknot the alternate theoretical account by facing to the informations. I hence, conduct an empirical survey of the relationship between dollar existent effectual exchange rate and the oil monetary values over the period straddling from 2007 to till day of the month. Prime focal point is on the long term relationship between these two vital variables. Among the possible account reviewed, the one affecting the equilibrium exchange rate is the exclusive account which fit the found relationship. The possible continuance of a long-run relationship between the dollar effectual exchange rate and oil monetary value assume causality between these variables. Earlier surveies show a causality way from oil monetary values to the U.S. dollar ( Amano and van Norden, 1995 among others ) . However, there are some statements which justify opposite way of causality i.e. , from U.S dollar to the oil monetary value. In this literature, I study the two types of causality and seek to measure the resulting of the relationship which determines the tendency of motion. The effectual dollar exchange rate has significant impact on the demand and supply of oil since it had influence on the monetary value of oil. The depreciation in the dollar reduces the monetary value of oil in the local markets of the states holding their several currencies under drifting exchange rate like Japan or Euro Zone. The states which have pegged their currency with the dollar have impersonal affect such as China. Generally, a lessening in the dollar exchange rate reduces the oil monetary value in the local markets of the consumer states. The lessening in monetary value of oil finally increases the demand for oil monetary value. This can be stated that dollar depreciation has positive impact on demand for oil and this addition demand contributes towards the rise in the monetary value of the oil. Oil companies use local currencies of manufacturer currencies to pay the fiscal liabilities and current fiscal duties such as rewards, revenue enhancements and other runing cost. These currencies are frequently linked or pegged to the dollar due to the fact that they fall in fixed-exchange rate governments adopted by most manufacturer states ( Frankel, 2003 ) . The alterations in monetary value of oil due to the alteration in the dollar exchange rate is less as estimated by the manufacturer states than estimated by the demander or consumer states. Necessary boring activities are linked straight to the oil monetary value. When oil monetary value addition, oil production besides addition by the manufacturer states to gain extra net incomes. This fact has been proved by different empirical surveies in states like North America, Latin American and Middle East. But this fact has non been proved true for African and European states. It is of import to that the relationship between boring a ctivities and oil monetary value in dollars has well changed since 1999. But it is difficult to happen that whether this alteration occur due to the debut of Euro currency in 1999 or due to the decrease in oil monetary value in 1998. Depreciation in the dollar monetary value novices rising prices ensuing decrease in the income of oil manufacturer states, the currencies which are pegged to the dollar. All the states are non affected in the say manner, states which mostly import from USA like OPEC is less affected than states than states which imports from Europe or Asia. Overall, depreciation in the dollar monetary value may cut down the supply of oil. On the short tally, supply is less or decrepit elastic to the monetary value in upward and downward way. The upward weak flexibleness is due to the production restraint and the downward flexibleness is weak due to really little fringy cost. Demand is besides inelastic in the short tally due to the deficiency of replacements available in the short tally ( Carnot and Hagege, 2004 ) . In short, demand and supply of oil in short is about inelastic in the short tally. Noticeable alterations in the supply and demand are chiefly discernible on the long term period. At this phase supply is more elastic due to the capableness of new investing and demand is more elastic due to the handiness of close replacements. By and large, a dollar effectual exchange rate depreciation cause an addition in the demand and supply of the oil significantly merely in the long tally, which tends to increase oil monetary value. The early old ages of 2000 ‘s period are an first-class illustration of this mechanism. Hagege and Carnot ( 2004 ) underlined that the addition in oil monetary values stems from two coincident factors on the one manus, incorrect appraisal of utmost demand for oil from United States and China. On the other manus, decreasing investing in the oil sector causes stagnancy in the capacity sweetening of oil supply. If this mechanism of demand and supply can right explicate the state of affairs of 2000s so this mechanism is unable to account for the relationship found in different empirical surveies. There are several groundss and grounds to believe that oil monetary value could impact dollar effectual exchange rate. Most frequent account of this impact that oil bring forthing states prefer fiscal investing in dollars ( Amano & A ; van Norden, 1993 & A ; 1995 ) . This model, explains that a haste in the oil monetary value boot the wealth of the oil manufacturer states which in bend addition the demand for dollar. Another account of this impact of oil monetary value on exchange rate can be found in the theoretical accounts such as Farguee ( 1995 ) and BEER theoretical account proposed by McDonald and Clark ( 1998 ) . In this attack, two independent variables are often used for explicating the exchange rate i.e. , net foreign investing and the footings of trade. A speedy initial concluding leads to a negative relation between oil monetary value and the dollar exchange rate. Addition in oil monetary value should deteriorate the United States footings of trade which consequences in t he dollar monetary value depreciation. A more comprehensive account would let explicating the positive relationship normally found in the literature by taking in history the comparative consequence on the United States compared to its trade spouses. If United States is an of import oil importer, an oil monetary value addition can deteriorate its state of affairs, nevertheless, if US import less than some other states like Japan or Euro zone, its place may good better compared to the other states. In this state of affairs, addition in the oil monetary value would take to the grasp in the dollar monetary value comparatively to the hankering and the euro, finally it leads to grasp in effectual footings in dollar. In an attack proposed by Krugman ( 1983a ) uses a vivacious symmetricalness of model to pattern how manufacturer states use the gross of their oil exports in dollars. Change in demand for dollar will impact the dollar exchange rate. The proposed theoretical account can be expressed mathematically as:Ten = CYWhere Ten = Oil monetary value denominated in dollar Y = Effective exchange rate of dollar C = Correlation Co-efficient This theoretical accounts help to find the correlativity between the oil monetary value and the effectual dollar exchange rate, either it is positive, negative or impersonal. This theoretical account besides explains the short term and long term impact of oil monetary value on the effectual exchange rate of the dollar and frailty versa. This empirical survey use monthly informations of oil monetary value denominated in the U.S dollar. Oil monetary values are expressed in existent footings and the exchange rate of dollar is effectual exchange rate. This survey tests the hypothesis at 5 % degree of significance. Hypothesis to be tested is as follows: Ho = There is a no correlativity between the oil monetary value and effectual exchange rate of dollar H1 = There is a correlativity between the two variables. Ho = There is a negative correlativity between the two variables H1 = There is positive correlativity between the oil monetary value and effectual exchange rate Above hypothesis are tested by Spearman rank correlativity utilizing SPSS, renowned statistical package. Data for this variable is collected through different beginnings such as Central Bank of Germany, Data Stream and Economagic which maintain the monthly norm informations of oil monetary value, effectual exchange rate and international gold monetary values. Sample size is of 42 values from each class. Oil monetary values and gold monetary values are denominated in the US dollar. Apparent observation of the natural information indicates the positive relation between oil monetary value and effectual dollar exchange rate.TestingThe testing of the hypothesis is done through SPSS v.16. Econometric technique of Spearman Rank Correlation is applied as it falls in the categorization of non-parametric trial. The consequences of econometric analysis shows that there is a medium positive correlativity between the oil monetary value and effectual exchange rate of dollar as co-efficient of correlativity is 0.316 which means that 1 dollar or 1 percent addition in oil monetary value will increase 0.316 % in the effectual dollar exchange rate. The oil monetary values show more variableness as compared to the exchange rate. The graphical presentation of the original information is as follows:Graphic Presentation of Oil Price and Exchange RateAbove graph shows a general positive tendency between the two variables over the period crossing from January 2007 to October 2010. The graph besides reveals greater variableness in the oil monetary value and less in the exchange rate. The variables are assigned as OP referred to oil monetary value and ER referred to effectual exchange rate of US dollar. The tabulated consequences show that there is a somewhat negative correlativity between the oil monetary value and gold rate. If oil monetary value addition by 1 % gold monetary value will diminish by 0.05 per centum under the influence of oil monetary value. The graphical presentation of the original values of oil monetary value and gold rate are as follows: The tabulated consequences show that there is little positive correlativity between the gold rate and the oil monetary value which means that 1 % addition in the exchange rate gives 0.085 % addition in the gold rate. The graphical presentation of the original informations of gilded monetary value and the exchange rate is follows:DecisionIn this literature, I have tried to happen the nexus between the US dollar effectual exchange rate and existent oil monetary values. Overall this survey focal point on merely the US dollar effectual exchange rate and existent oil monetary values but subsequently one other critical factor besides included in the theoretical account which helps to happen the corresponding dealingss between the variables. This survey shows that there is a important relation between the existent oil monetary values and the effectual exchange rate. In the short tally, consequences may be reverse but in the long tally consequences are in support of earlier surveies, which c oncluded that there is positive relationship between the exchange rate and the effectual dollar exchange rate. The fluctuation in the oil monetary value is far more intense than the fluctuation in the oil monetary value. This phenomenon is evident through the tested results and the besides in the graphical presentation. The adjustment velocity of effectual exchange rate is less than the oil monetary value. Results besides reveal that addition in the oil monetary value will increase the net foreign assets of the United States of America. The states whose currency is pegged to the US dollar will endure less with the addition in the oil monetary value and those states who falls in the floating exchange rate is affected more. The consequences besides reveals the of import fact, which is that the United States of America is basking the benefits of low monetary value and cheapest oil based energy over the period of more than half century as oil monetary value is denominated and traded worldwide in the US dollar. The addition in the oil monetary value will increase the demand for more US dollars to purchase the same quantum of oil and this increased demand will impact the exchange rate of the state with regard to the US dollar and this addition the import measure of the several consumer states and the manufacturer states will bask the benefits of more wealth.

Historians essays

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Sea Level Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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