The American Political Tradition - 912 Words

â€Å"The American Political Tradition† published in 1948 was written by a well-known historian at Colombia University. Richard Hofstadter was born on August 6, 1916, in Buffalo, New York. He attended both the University of Buffalo and Columbia University where he studied philosophy and history. Hofstadter was married twice and later in 1970 died from leukemia. Throughout his life Hofstadter had a lot of published works including Social Darwinism in American Thought, William Leggett, Spokesman of Jacksonian Democracy, The Age of Reform, The United States: the History of a Republic, and many more. Hofstadter’s purpose for writing this book was to give people a better understanding about our history. He wanted to help Americans understand who was†¦show more content†¦The eleven chapters following this one give a little background of each main person that is listed in the title of the chapter. The next chapters describe what each person or group of people were thi nking. They also contain what each person or group of people did and how it influenced the government and America. The main people talked about in the next chapters were Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun, Abraham Lincoln, Wendell Philips, William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and a few others that were mentioned. The chapters explained so much, for example it explained Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal and how it â€Å"revived American liberalism.† Hofstadter was able to inform the reader that the people in history were not exactly as they seemed. The men had their own opinions on things and believed in certain ways of life and how everything should be done. Although it was not the easiest read, it was interesting. People wanting to find out more about America and the people who created it but not wanting to read a boring and very long book, should definitely read this book. Hofstadter may not have included everything about the â€Å"American Political Tradition,† he did however include the main and maybe to some the not so known parts. He doesShow MoreRelatedReading Obam Dreams, Hope, And The American Political Tradition1433 Words   |  6 PagesAmy Rel Professor Richard Garcia History 3553 American Intellectual History 16 March 2015 Reading Obama: Dreams, Hope, and the American Political Tradition The main focus of the intellectual biography, Reading Obama: Dreams, Hope, and the American Political Tradition by James T. Kloppenberg, is on President Obama s ideas, how he thinks, but also his views on American politics. Kloppenberg describes in detail the events throughout Obama s life that have influenced his thinking and molded him intoRead MoreThe American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It Essay7033 Words   |  29 PagesGreat American Political Thinkers In the year of 1776, the United States became an independent country. At that moment, the great men who fought for its independence began to create the government and shape American politics. In Richard Hofstadters The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It, he identifies twelve of the most influential men and the political traditions they created, including the Founding Fathers who started it all. Additionally, Hofstadter informs the reader of otherRead MoreAmerican Political Culture And Its Representation Of Democracy, Equality, Individualism, And Liberty1485 Words   |  6 Pages 730003850 1,478 WORDS APURBA CHAKRABORTY American political culture is altogether vast and diversified; however, it retains one singular feature – it is a contradiction. At the core, the majority ideally has subscribed to the values of democracy, equality, individualism, and liberty. Even so, history attests to the fact that bona fide enforcement of such values is not consistent. The nation has simultaneously promoted equality while it denied equality. It has exercised open-mindednessRead MoreIdeals of Liberalism Expressed in President Obamas Speeches 1470 Words   |  6 PagesWhat both these speeches hold in common, is the logic behind the liberalism tradition of international relations. The foundations of the President’s speeches are set in the ideals of liberalism from which rise three strands of modern liberal thinking: economic, social, and political. â€Å"Liberalism is a distinct ideology and set of institutions that has shaped the perceptions of and capacities for foreign relations of political society that range from social welfare or social democratic to laissez faireRead MoreThe Invention Of Tradition By Eric Hobsbawm And Terence Ranger1220 Words   |  5 Pages  Tradition is an integral and powerful aspect of life for everyone on the planet. From the rainforests of Madagascar to the bustling metropolis of New York City, cultural, religious, and social traditions are engrained in the very fiber of human identity. Due to this fierce loyalty to one’s traditions, we as people, don’t often question where are traditions came from. We ignore the questions about their ethics and moral values, and turn a blind eye to traditions that just don’t necessarily make senseRead MoreMy Family s Case Of John Greg And Michael872 Words   |  4 Pagesrelation to same-sex marriages and the â€Å"white wedding.† In our film, we ponder whether many same-sex weddings defy the traditional standards of an American wedding or if they conform to their own ideas. In my family’s case of John Greg and Michael, they conformed to many of their own concepts, while choosing to keep many of the classic wedding traditions that have been circulating for decades. John Greg and Michael present a fusion wedding, that stands out among many of the other same-sex weddingsRead MoreHispanic Groups in USA Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesIn identifying the linguistic, political, social, economic, religious, and familial conventions and/or statuses of four Hispanic groups living in the United States; the following four groups have been chosen, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and El Salvadorians. Each group has a rich cultural identity but has been placed in the same category, Hispanic Americans, on the basis of language. All these groups share the Spanish language, though each has a different dialect and some words spelledRead MoreThe Invention Of The 1960 S1319 Words   |  6 Pagesthat period of time. In America during the 1950’s Martin Luther King Jr. changed the world with his historical speech. Coming into the 1960’s, African Americans now had equal rights just like any other citizen. Some people were thrilled with this, however it took some people to get used to the new drastic change. Throughout the 60’s African Americans still struggled with prejudice people, but things got better as time moved on. Also, in 1945, North and South Korea split into two different countriesRead MoreSocial Modernism And Colonialism1364 Words   |  6 Pagesirrational other; these categories of dissimilarity remain between the self and the other; the colonizer and the colonized; and tradition and modernity. Through these groupings, secular hierarchies are able to thrive even after blatant colonization has ended. The dogma formerly imposed by colonizers is continually vi sible politically, culturally, and socially. On the political sphere the article by Jasbir K. Puar and Amit S. Rai illustrate the Western use of nationalism, which aims to portray a â€Å"terrorist†Read MoreHispanics in the USA Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagesintroducing new traditions and customs. I was traveling to different to city in the States, I notice the wide spread growth of Hispanic communities, For Instance in Miami the Cuban and El Salvadoran culture is heavy populate in the area. In New York the Puerto Rican culture is dominating through out the several boroughs. I have come around town and Hispanics are known for their good food, which tends to have more diverse people try new cultural customs. Hispanic or Latino Americans are a group of

Assess the Claim That ‘the Main Function of Education Is...

Value consensus is a term which refers to general agreement about norms and values amongst the members of society. Different theorists believe in different functions of the education system, some think it as promoting value consensus and some see as a method of control. Functionalists and Marxists have opposing views on the function of education which I will discuss in my essay, I will refer to sources from Durkheim, Parsons, Davis Moore, Althusser and Bowles Gintis and Willis and assess the function of education. Emile Durkheim, a functionalist’s view of education is that it teaches us the norms and value of society. Education helps to unite all the individuals of society which creates a sense of belonging and commitment to that†¦show more content†¦In this way the education helps to ensure that the competent people fulfill the important roles whilst the less talented are sifted out in the process of social stratification in which the less talented are given the least important jobs. This process cannot be stopped and is bound to happen. Another theory is that social achievement is based on merits which brings forward the theory of meritocracy. This is the idea that the jobs are given to talented people. This is argued by Bowles and Gintis. They came up with the idea that meritocracy is a myth. Jobs are given according to social class and social capital. This means that the middle class are given the jobs such as dentists and doctors and no matter how talented a person is, the y are not likely to get the jobs due their ascribed status. Marxists overall have a very negative view of education in which they think that the role of education is to produce a subservient workforce and that the capitalism directly shapes our society. A Neo- Marxist named Paul Willis agrees on the idea capitalism shapes society as a whole however, he believes that within education, there are groups that form their own subculture. This is the reason why he conducted an experiment to see whether all students conform to the education system or of there is a groups that rebel against their rules. He conducted his experiment on 12 boys from the working class. He monitoredShow MoreRelatedMarxist View on Education1639 Words   |  7 PagesUsing material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the view that the education system exists mainly to select and prepare young people for their future work roles. (20 marks) As stated in Item A sociologists see the education system as performing a vital role in modern societies. Item A also highlights that the education system can equip individuals with the specialised knowledge and skills they will need when they join the workforce. Therefore, the education system helps select and allocate individualsRead MoreMarxist Functions on Education2287 Words   |  10 PagesAssess the Marxist view that the function of the education system is to pass on ideology and reproduce the existing class structure. Claire Jones Education is a vital system in most societies, and is compulsory for all children up to the age of 16 in Britain. There are many different ideas as to why education is so important and the functions it fulfills within society, some more positive than others. Although some people say that education is only intended to teach the individual enoughRead MoreAlevels Sociology3511 Words   |  15 Pages‘Social order may be the product of consensus or coercion, depending on which sociological perspective is adopted.’ Explain and discuss. Ans: Social order is the product of consensus in terms of functionalism Social order is the product of coercion in terms of conflict theory in reality; society may be a combination of both - that is there is human free will which is also limited by social structure example institutions, laws Functionalist Theory and consensus: The functionalist school is linkedRead MoreHomeschooling and Childhood Socialization 2067 Words   |  9 Pagesschool experience I began to develop problems with general anxiety as well as separation anxiety from my parents, which only served to exacerbate the feelings I already maintained. Basing my analysis on Chapter 4, Socialization, and Chapter 16, Education, in the text, I will attempt to analyze to what extent homeschooling affects the socialization of children. This will be conducted through an exploration of the arguments presented by both those who feel homeschooling is detrimental to the socializationRead MoreSociology5053 Words   |  21 Pagesclear in society today. (6 marks) 0 9 Examine the reasons for, and the effects of, changes in family size over the past 100 years or so. (24 marks) 1 0 Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere, assess sociological views of the impact of government policies and laws on family life. Item 2A Over the past 40 years or so, there has been a decline in the number of first marriages in the United Kingdom. One of the reasons for this decline is the change in the role of women in society. In orderRead MoreNegotiation and Culture: Case Study24152 Words   |  97 PagesPatrycja J. Krause Aarhus, May 2006 In loving memory of my Dad, WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw, for showing me the world – this one is for you. 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6. 7. 8. INTRODUCTION METHOD WHY JAPAN? DEFINITION OF CULTURE AND VALUES HOFSTEDE’S VALUE DIMENSIONS POWER DISTANCE UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE COLLECTIVISM VERSUS INDIVIDUALISM FEMININITY VERSUS MASCULINITY LONG-TERM VERSUS SHORT-TERM ORIENTATION CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HOFSTEDE EDWARD HALL CULTURAL DIMENSIONS 4 6 7 9 11 12 13 13Read MoreFinancial Management and Control of the Public Sector in Ghana10665 Words   |  43 Pagesis accountable to someone. * It enables an organization to utilize its revenue or income efficiently. * It enables an organization to eliminate waste in its revenue or income generation and disbursement. Financial managers performs various functions such as allocate funds to current and non-current assets, obtain the best mix of financing alternatives and develop an appropriate dividend policy within the firms objectives. Public sector is that part of the economy that is significantly dominatedRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesmistake Individual testimony: one persons word against another Physical marks of the devil: based on physical appearance and if there’s an abnormality, they’re working with the devil (wart, mole, skin tag, birthmark†¦) Spectral evidence: someone would claim to see a ghost of you and the only way it could be produced was if you made a pack with the devil Confession of guilt: trying to prove either the actus reus or the mens rea. Torture people to get them to confess and name accomplices ConfessionalRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Boko Haram Insurgency Essay3548 Words   |  15 Pagesdifficult to evolve a single definition for the term ?terrorism?. The difficulty emanates from the lack of consensus or unified perspective among nations or scholars as to what could be regarded as terrorist act. Hence, terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and inexcusable abomination since it is a function of whose point of view is being represented (http://www.terrorism-research.com/). Kydd and Walter (2006)Read MoreAlternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism21967 Words   |  88 Pagesand Strategies 4.7. Models and Approaches to Mediation 4.8. Controversial Issues in Mediation 4.9. Psychological Issues 4.10. Ethical Code, Issues, and Dilemmas 4.11. International Mediation 4.11.1. Mediation in International Water Conflicts 5. Consensus Building: Principles, and Procedures 5.1. Principles and Procedures 6. Conclusion 7. ADR Basics: Definitions Bibliography 1 2 4 6 6 7 10 12 13 14 16 18 18 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 29 29 30 31 31 33 33 36 37 40 ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

Cellphone Addiction Free Essays

Cell Phones In many ways, cell phones are addictive. The gadgets are an integral part of many people’s days. Smartphones are often glued to people’s hands or accessible via blue tooth technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Cellphone Addiction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Negative effects of cell phone addiction include isolation and unbalanced priorities. There are effective solutions for treating the addiction, once you identify the symptoms. Symptoms of Cell Phone Addiction Take a step back and ask yourself how important your cell phone is to your day. If your phone use reduces the quality of your life, you may have an addiction. Perhaps you carry the gadget around with you even when you do not leave home; you look at the screen as you walk and constantly check it for missed calls. Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the dinner table and look at apps rather than talking to family members over meals. Is your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; your obsession is a cell phone addiction. Look at your phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction. Another factor to consider is whether the gadget is getting in the way of your social life. Perhaps you cancel lunches with friends in favor of staying home to keep up with social networks via your mobile. When the device gets in the way of your real life events in a negative way, you likely have a cell phone addiction. Causes There are many causes of the addiction. The cell phone may be just one part of a larger addiction to technology in general. After all, many smartphones are equipped with apps to play games, browse the internet, and send emails. Online social media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Your friends and family members are joining networks too. You often â€Å"talk† to one another on the networks as your schedules keep you too busy to meet face to face. If you have made new online friends through the networks, your cell phone provides a way to connect with these people when they live in other cities and even in other countries. You trade media links, such as articles and photos. The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages. com/hub/cell-phone-addiction-the-symptoms-and-methods-of-treatment How to cite Cellphone Addiction, Essay examples

Adrian Arbuckle Essay Example For Students

Adrian Arbuckle Essay Professor GibbonsEnglish 1302-845625 May 2000Alternative Medicine: ChiropracticChiropractic is the third largest doctoral-level health profession in the United States, after medicine and dentistry. This form of health care is on the rise and there are more than forty thousand chiropractors in practice in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and many other nations. Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine commonly used and accepted today. Chiropractic is specifically defined as a therapeutic system of curing ailments and manipulation of various body parts, particularly the spinal column. Although chiropractors have had a hard time establishing a worthy reputation, times have changed and studies are proving the benefits of chiropractic. In order for people to receive natural, holistic, efficient, and cost-effective treatment, people should seek doctors of chiropractic. (Thesis: In order for)Chiropractic was first started by David Daniel Palmer in 1895. Palmer began his pra ctices in magnetic healing in response to his never-ending thirst for knowledge in 1887 (Chiropractic OnLine Today). When he moved to Davenport, Iowa, Palmer began chiropractic with his first adjustment on a janitor on September 18, 1895. The janitor had been deaf for seventeen years after hearing a pop in his back one day. Palmer concluded that one of his vertebrae was out of place and so he thrusted the vertebrae back into place and the mans hearing automatically improved (Chiropractic OnLine Today). This was the birth of the chiropractic theory, which means to do by hand. Palmer believed that decreased nerve flow may be the cause of disease, and that misplaced spinal vertebrae may cause pressure on the nerves (Chiropractic OnLine Today). In conclusion, he theorized, if the spinal column was accurately positioned, the body would be healthy. Palmer began a chiropractic school, Palmer Infirmary and Chiropractic Institute, in 1907. His son, Bartlett Joshua, was one of the first fifte en graduated. Later in his life, Bartlett also had a large impact on the chiropractic field when his dad ran into some legal problems. Palmers son took over the school and helped chiropractic to gain prominence in the medical field. Following its founding, chiropractic went downhill and then in the 1940s began to grow again. In July 1995, the first Historical Centennial Celebration took place in Washington, DC with thousands of professional in the field attending. (Background)Chiropractic is holistic and concerned with a patients overall well-being. Chiropractic treatment considers the whole person and gives special treatment to the physiological and biochemical aspects including structural, spinal, musculoskeletal, neurological, vascular, nutritional, emotional, and environmental relationships(American Chiropractic Association). Many people initially think of consulting a chiropractor for back pain only, but there are many other components of chiropractic treatment and has the abil ity to help many illnesses and problems. Because the spine is like the trunk of the body, it can have impact on all areas of the human structure. The many moveable parts of the spine make it a complex system. In addition to the twenty-four vertebrae, there are joints between each vertebra. In such a system, in order to maintain balance, each one these joints must be moving entirely and properly (Bayuk). If just one component is out of line, the imbalance disturbs the nervous system, called subluxation. Chiropractic helps the body keep control of itself through manipulation of the spinal column. While the spine helps control the muscles of the body, it also includes the bodys ability to breathe properly, keep the heart beating, and other vital functions. The spine column has many nerves that control the blood flow through blood vessels, proper digestion, and the immune system. Just because chiropractors focus on the spinal column, does not limit their field of treatment. In actuality , this very fact is what allows chiropractic to help such a broad range of problems and conditions. For example, a 1991 study at National College of Chiropractic renders very promising news for women suffering from tortuous menstruation. This FCER-funded study found that women who received chiropractic spinal manipulation reported significant reduction in back pain and menstrual distress(Joseph, Chiropractic Works). Along with menstruation, headaches, allergies, asthma, stomach disorders, spastic colon, and arm, hand, and leg pain are treatable by chiropractors. (Evidence #1)Chiropractic, in addition to holistic, is efficient and cost-effective. Until recently, chiropractic was ignored by most others, but new studies are confirming claims of efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Now chiropractic is receiving much more notice. While research is convincing the community of the effectiveness of cost and capability of treatment of the chiropractic method, thousands of people, worldwide, ar e finding restored mobility and alleviation from pain in their doctor of chiropractic. Results of a Florida study indicated chiropractic patients experienced shorter periods of total disability, and their cost of care was less in comparison to patients of medical doctors. Another Utah study reported that chiropractic care was ten times less expensive than standard medical care in compensation pay-outs ( Joseph, Chiropractic Works). In addition, a report in the Western Journal of Medicine found that patients of chiropractors were three times more satisfied with their care than patients of family practice physicians ( Joseph, Chiropractic Works). Health care options are becoming more diverse and it is evident that chiropractic will be a choice for many. (Evidence #2)Another benefit of chiropractic is that it is natural. This is one of the primary characteristics that distinguishes chiropractic doctors from medical doctors. Chiropractic does not use drugs or surgery. The body heals and maintains itself. It is the chiropractors job to make sure that the body is in balance and capable of doing its job on its own. Chiropractic uses a form of treatment called vertebral adjustment or spinal manipulation. An adjustment is a procedure in which a chiropractor skillfully applies pressure to a region of the spine that is out of alignment. It is often done by hand and helps lessen pain and inflammation. Chiropractors also perform soft tissue manipulation through muscle massages and ultrasound stimulation, physical examinations, X rays, counseling on lifestyle and nutrition, and counseling on exercises for building flexibility, strength, and overall well-being. However, chiropractors refer patients to another health care provider if the patients condition or disease would be better treated through other medical approaches. In most cases, chiropractors do not treat conditions of cancer, internal injuries, lacerations and cuts, fractures of bones and chronic ailments such as d iabetes. Patients with these prognoses are referred to a medical doctor by the chiropractor. (Evidence #3)Is a chiropractor really a doctor? Absolutely! (Joseph, Chiropractic Myth Busters). For a long time, millions of Americans rejected chiropractic treatment because they were thought to be quacks by many medical doctors. But, now that studies are supporting chiropractic treatment, people are beginning to comprehend that these doctors, just like medical doctors, take a strict course of study to receive a degree of Doctor of Chiropractic. After students completing high school, at least two years of college and four to five years of chiropractic college must be completed. Students take basic science courses as well as clinical science courses. In addition to school, a clinical internship is required. Upon graduation, a chiropractor is not permitted to practice just yet. First he or she must pass a licensing exam administered by the state or the National Board of Chiropractic Examiner s, or both. Most boards rely on a three-part examination to test basic sciences, clinical sciences, and clinical competency. A fourth part has newly been introduced to evaluate practical skills. Chiropractors are licensed in all fifty states and the District of Columbia. There is no reason one should be concerned or stressed about the credentials of a chiropractor. To verify a doctors professional credentials, one can call the states Chiropractic Board of Examiners to validate if a particular chiropractor is licensed and up to date with continuing education conditions. A concerned patient can also ask if there is any record of disciplinary actions. The prerequisites to become a chiropractic doctor prepare the doctors well and are extremely difficult. It takes a well educated, hard worker, and disciplined individual to accomplish such intense requirements. Students graduated and in practice are sufficiently trained to treat the body in a natural, holistic, efficient, and cost-effecti ve manner. (Refutation and concluding statement)Works CitedAmerican Chiropractic Association. 1999. .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .postImageUrl , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:hover , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:visited , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:active { border:0!important; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:active , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1929 Stock Market Crash Essay *http://amerchiro.org/about_chiro/benefits.htm*. Bayuk, Andrew, D.C. What is Chiropractic? 1989. *http://pages.prodigy.com/chiropractic/whatis.htm*. Chiropractic OnLine Today. Chiropractic Centennial Celebration. 2000. *http://www.chiro-online.com/*. Joseph, Louis, D.C. Chiropractic Works. November 1999. *http://www.hands-on-healing.com/chirowrk.htm*. Joseph, Louis, D.C. Chiropractic Myth Busters. November 1999. *http://www.hands-on-healing.com/chirmyth.htm*.

On December 10, 1986 The Greater New York Section Of The American Inst

On December 10, 1986 the Greater New York Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the engineering section of the New York Academy of Sciences jointly presented a program on mining the planets. Speakers were Greg Maryniak of the Space Studies Institute (SSI) and Dr. Carl Peterson of the Mining and Excavation Research Institute of M.I.T. Maryniak spoke first and began by commenting that the quintessential predicament of space flight is that everything launched from Earth must be accelerated to orbital velocity. Related to this is that the traditional way to create things in space has been to manufacture them on Earth and then launch them into orbit aboard large rockets. The difficulty with this approach is the huge cost-per-pound of boosting anything out of this planet's gravity well. Furthermore, Maryniak noted, since (at least in the near to medium term) the space program must depend upon the government for most of its funding, for this economic d rawback necessarily translates into a political problem. Maryniak continued by noting that the early settlers in North America did not attempt to transport across the Atlantic everything then needed to sustain them in the New World. Rather they brought their tools with them and constructed their habitats from local materials. Hence, he suggested that the solution to the dilemma to which he referred required not so much a shift in technology as a shift in thinking. Space, he argued, should be considered not as a vacuum, totally devoid of everything. Rather, it should be regarded as an ocean, that is, a hostile environment but one having resources. Among the resources of space, he suggested, are readily available solar power and potential surface mines on the Moon and later other celestial bodies as well. The Moon, Maryniak stated, contains many useful materials. Moreover, it is twenty-two times easier to accelerate a payload to lunar escape velocity than it is to accelerate the ident ical mass out of the EarthUs gravity well. As a practical matter the advantage in terms of the energy required is even greater because of the absence of a lunar atmosphere. Among other things this permits the use of devices such as electromagnetic accelerators (mass drivers) to launch payloads from the MoonUs surface. Even raw Lunar soil is useful as shielding for space stations and other space habitats. At present, he noted, exposure to radiation will prevent anyone for spending a total of more than six months out of his or her entire lifetime on the space station. At the other end of the scale, Lunar soil can be processed into its constituent materials. In between steps are also of great interest. For example, the MoonUs soil is rich in oxygen, which makes up most of the mass of water and rocket propellant. This oxygen could be RcookedS out of the Lunar soil. Since most of the mass of the equipment which would be necessary to accomplish this would consist of relatively low technol ogy hardware, Maryniak suggested the possibility that at least in the longer term the extraction plant itself could be manufactured largely on the Moon. Another possibility currently being examined is the manufacture of glass from Lunar soil and using it as construction material. The techniques involved, according to Maryniak, are crude but effective. (In answer to a question posed by a member of the audience after the formal presentation, Maryniak stated that he believed the brittle properties of glass could be overcome by using glass-glass composites. He also suggested yet another possibility, that of using Lunar soil as a basis of concrete.) One possible application of such Moon-made glass would be in glass-glass composite beams. Among other things, these could be employed as structural elements in a solar power satellite (SPS). While interest in the SPS has waned in this country, at least temporarily, it is a major focus of attention in the U.S.S. R. , Western Europe and Japan. In particular, the Soviets have stated that they will build an SPS by the year 2000 (although they plan on using Earth launched materials. Similarly the Japanese are conducting SPS related sounding rocket tests. SSI studies have suggested that more than 90%, and perhaps as much

Free Essays on Longfellow And His Poetry

These are many great poets. Longfellow is one of the few poets that put together novel type works. He created some of the best poetry ever written. Longfellow’s narrative poems, such as Evangeline, The song of Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish, gave a romanticized view of America’s early history and democratic ideals. Evangeline is one of the best long poems ever written by any author. It’s popularity at through all class distinctions. It was read and loved and pondered over in humble cottages (Wagonknecht P.85). Evangeline was the first long poem in America literature to live beyond its own time, and it would be impossible to exaggerate its vogue, either at home or abroad (Wagonknecht P.85). The historical basis of the story was supplied in 1755 by the expulsion of the French settlers from the vicinity of the boy of Minas in Acadie as an incident of the conflict between France and England for possession of the North American continent (Wagonknecht P.86). In the poem Evangeline they are unable to find Gabriel. Evangelines party arrives at a village and finds Gabriel’s father Basil, who tells Evangeline that Gabriel had left only the day before with a party going to the Ozark Mountains to trade for moles with the Spaniards. The priest assures her, however, that the party will return to the mission in autumn when the hunting season is over. Evangeline decides to accept the priest’s advice to await her lover at the mission. But the autumn comes and passes, with no Gabriel, so she again resumes her pursuit (Williams P.153 š). Gabriel Lajeunesse, in his passiuity and elusiveness, is unconsciously fleeing from Evangeline rather than seeking her out. Certainly he is no dominating and aggressive Odysseus, anymore than Evangeline is a merely stead fast and long-waiting Penelope; and the poem, in itself and in the popular imagination, is hers, not Gabrie... Free Essays on Longfellow And His Poetry Free Essays on Longfellow And His Poetry These are many great poets. Longfellow is one of the few poets that put together novel type works. He created some of the best poetry ever written. Longfellow’s narrative poems, such as Evangeline, The song of Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish, gave a romanticized view of America’s early history and democratic ideals. Evangeline is one of the best long poems ever written by any author. It’s popularity at through all class distinctions. It was read and loved and pondered over in humble cottages (Wagonknecht P.85). Evangeline was the first long poem in America literature to live beyond its own time, and it would be impossible to exaggerate its vogue, either at home or abroad (Wagonknecht P.85). The historical basis of the story was supplied in 1755 by the expulsion of the French settlers from the vicinity of the boy of Minas in Acadie as an incident of the conflict between France and England for possession of the North American continent (Wagonknecht P.86). In the poem Evangeline they are unable to find Gabriel. Evangelines party arrives at a village and finds Gabriel’s father Basil, who tells Evangeline that Gabriel had left only the day before with a party going to the Ozark Mountains to trade for moles with the Spaniards. The priest assures her, however, that the party will return to the mission in autumn when the hunting season is over. Evangeline decides to accept the priest’s advice to await her lover at the mission. But the autumn comes and passes, with no Gabriel, so she again resumes her pursuit (Williams P.153 š). Gabriel Lajeunesse, in his passiuity and elusiveness, is unconsciously fleeing from Evangeline rather than seeking her out. Certainly he is no dominating and aggressive Odysseus, anymore than Evangeline is a merely stead fast and long-waiting Penelope; and the poem, in itself and in the popular imagination, is hers, not Gabrie...

Toxic Gases Emitted From the Burning of Coal Case Study

Toxic Gases Emitted From the Burning of Coal - Case Study Example Although the present system seems favorable for the Chinese consumers, yet â€Å"UNDERPRICING ENERGY REPRESENTS THE WORLD’S NUMBER ONE SUBSIDY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION† (Chandler 5). This imparts the need to increase the number of coal power plants in China with the FGD systems installed in them. Presently, Chinese industries that directly burn coal are imposed sulfur taxes upon, but these sulfur taxes are too small to cause any reduction in pollution. â€Å"REGULATED OR NOT, ENFORCEMENT GENERALLY FALLS TO THE PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, WHICH MUST BALANCE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AGAINST ECONOMIC GROWTH PRIORITIES† (Rosen and Houser 36). As a Chinese leader, I would have to determine the optimal level to which the environment can be protected without compromising upon the economic growth of the industry. Installing fully operational FGD systems at all coal power plants in China is certainly not an option given the immensity of increase it causes in the electricity tariffs. So I would consider increasing the number of coal power plants with the FGD systems installed from 4 to 8 per cent to 20 to 30 per cent. This would hopefully cause substantial reduction in the emission of hazardous gases in the environment. â€Å"THE CHALLENGE FOR POLICY MAKERS IS TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES THAT HELP THE MARKET CONVERGE ON THE MOST COST-COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES† (Chandler 5). In order to develop such strategies, I would place emphasis on encouraging market-based technologies that are feasible as well as on eradicating the barriers to the widespread use of those technologies. Another area that requires my attention as the Chinese leader is the transportation boom as it happens to be a potential threat to the air quality in China. â€Å"SOME 14,000 NEW CARS HIT CHINAS ROADS EACH DAY† (Elizabeth para. 9).

From today painting is dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

From today painting is dead - Essay Example The essay "From today painting is dead" discusses the aesthetic impact of photography on the art world of the 19th century. WhÐ °t freed theÃ'•e pÐ °interÃ'• from portrÐ °iture, pÐ °Ã'•torÐ °l lÐ °ndÃ'•cÐ °peÃ'•, propÐ °gÐ °ndÐ ° Ð °nd phyÃ'•icÃ'•? The totÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n dictÐ °torÃ'• Ð °rgued thÐ °t it wÐ °Ã'• decÐ °dence, Ð °nd Ã'•ometimeÃ'• bÐ °nned or burned theÃ'•e eÐ °rly 20th-century EuropeÐ °n workÃ'• or blÐ °ckliÃ'•ted their imitÐ °torÃ'• or Ã'•tudentÃ'•. One could Ð °lÃ'•o Ð °rgue the influenceÃ'• of Ð ° Turner or VÐ °n Gogh or JÐ °pÐ °neÃ'•e Ð °rt, which were certÐ °inly tÐ °ngible Ð °nd viÃ'•ible in Ã'•pecific Ð °rtiÃ'•tÃ'• or workÃ'•. Or the reductionÃ'• in the coÃ'•t of mÐ °teriÐ °lÃ'• Ð °nd the generÐ °l proÃ'•perity of Europe thÐ °t Ð °llowed for more experimentÃ'•. But Ð ° more cogent Ð °rgument cÐ °n be mÐ °de thÐ °t it wÐ °Ã'• photogrÐ °phy, more thÐ °n à  °ny other fÐ °ctor, which chÐ °nged the wÐ °y we think of Ð °rt Ð °nd the role we expected viÃ'•uÐ °l Ð °rt to plÐ °y. The grÐ °phic reproduction of workÃ'• of Ð °rt hÐ °Ã'• Ð ° long Ð °nd diverÃ'•e hiÃ'•tory. PhotogrÐ °phy followed Ð ° trÐ °dition in which the depiction of the fine Ð °nd decorÐ °tive Ð °rtÃ'• beÃ'•towÃ'• Ã'•ome kudoÃ'• on the reprogrÐ °phic proceÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'• uÃ'•ed. Ð t the time of photogrÐ °phy'Ã'• invention Ð ° plethorÐ ° of reprogrÐ °phic proceÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'• were Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °ble Ð °nd theÃ'•e were being exploited to meet the riÃ'•ing demÐ °nd for looÃ'•e grÐ °phic reproductionÃ'• Ð °nd the buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• opportunitieÃ'• offered by rÐ °pidly expÐ °nding Ð °nd diverÃ'•ifying commerciÐ °l mÐ °rketÃ'•. Both DÐ °guerre Ð °nd TÐ °lbot Ð °ppreciÐ °ted the importÐ °nce of reproducing workÃ'• of Ð °rt (including pÐ °intingÃ'•, drÐ °wingÃ'•, engrÐ °vingÃ'•, Ã'•cul pture, Ð °nd decorÐ °tive Ð °rt), not only to demonÃ'•trÐ °te their reÃ'•pective photogrÐ °phic proceÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•.

Mobile learning, technology leadership and technology competency Article

Mobile learning, technology leadership and technology competency - Article Example The article discovered that the principals’ skills that were aligned with NETS-A were fluency in using programs or hardware, knowledge of data and information recovery, interacting with stakeholders, and planning and overseeing resources (Garcia and Abrego). Garcia and Abrego compare their findings to those of the studies cited in the theoretical framework. The article’s conclusion does not deviate from the research question, which is highly commendable. The representation of findings in graphs also makes understanding the study easy. I learned that innovation leaders should be capable of planning and overseeing their respective innovations. I could use this information to expand the research for my dissertation and assist my discussion group while working on our project on mobile technology. Park’s research work did not involve any particular population. Instead, Park used former theories about mobile innovations used for educational purposes to test against and with electronic and ubiquitous learning. Park says the study’s purpose was to offer an improved insight of the features of mobile learning in terms of distance education by comparing three different learning innovations, and changing and accepting the TD (Transactional Distance) theory to suit his research. (Park, 2011). As a result, Park tries to fix former research works into four kinds of mobile education. The outcome of this analysis is the confirmation that mobile gadgets are compatible especially with continuous movement and shifts. The article also says mobile gadgets specially support mixed learning between high and low transactional distances. The lack of systematic methods and research design turn Park’s work into an investigative and argumentative research. The research presented theoretical frameworks adopted from previous researches with the aim of analyzing and comparing them (Park, 2011). All vocabulary in the article are well defined but the

World Health Organization (WHO) Priorities

World Health Organization (WHO) Priorities THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS Abstract In the field of international public health policy and international public health, a significant role is played by WHO. To coordinate and direct health is the main responsibility of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is a body of the United Nations (UN). To assess and monitor health trends, to provide technical support to countries, to articulate evidence-based policy options, to set standards and norms, to shape the health research agenda and to provide leadership on global health matters are the other responsibilities of WHO. In the eradication of small pox, a leading role has been played by WHO, since its creation. The current priorities of WHO are networking, publications, driving the development of reporting, substance abuse, occupational health, health eating and food safety, nutrition, aging and development, reproductive and sexual health, the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases, tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS/HIV. The World Health Organizations Introduction On 7th April 1948, the constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) came into force. In the field of international public health policy and international public health, a significant role is played by WHO. On 22nd July 1946, the constitution of the WHO was signed by sixty-nine countries. To coordinate and direct health is the main responsibility of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is a body of the United Nations (UN) (World Health Organization, 2006). To assess and monitor health trends, to provide technical support to countries, to articulate evidence-based policy options, to set standards and norms, to shape the health research agenda and to provide leadership on global health matters are the other responsibilities of WHO. In the eradication of small pox, a leading role has been played by WHO, since its creation. The current priorities of WHO are networking, publications, driving the development of reporting, substance abuse, occupational health, health eating and food safety, nutrition, aging and development, reproductive and sexual health, the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases, tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS/HIV (World Health Organization, 2010). Discussion Health is being considered as a shared responsibility in the twenty-first century that involves collective defense against transnational threats and equitable access to essential care. WHO is increasingly operating in a rapidly changing and complex landscape that extends into other sectors and that influence health outcomes and opportunities, with the boundaries of public health action becoming blurred (World Health Organization, 2008). Through use of 6-point agenda these challenges are responded by WHO that addresses 2 operational approaches, 2 strategic needs and 2 health objectives. Improving performance, enhancing partnerships, evidence and information, harnessing research, strengthening health systems, fostering health security and promoting development are the six points in the agenda. The agenda of health development of WHO is directed by the ethical principle of equity, i. e. , health-promoting interventions or access to life-saving must not be denied for unfair reasons, involving those with social or economic roots (World Health Organization, 2007). Priority is given to health outcomes in vulnerable, disadvantaged and poor groups by activities of WHO, whose aim is health development. Addressing the neglected tropical areas, treating and preventing chronic diseases and attainment of health-related Millennium Development Goals are the factors that are included within its development and health agenda (World Health Organization, 2005). Through enforcement of revised International Health Regulations and by strengthening the ability of the world to defend itself collectively against outbreaks, the health safety has been fostered by WHO. For WHO, one of the highest priorities is strengthening of health systems. WHO also ensures that health systems do reach underserved and poor populations of the world (World Health Organization, 2007). It addresses areas, like, access to appropriate technology involving essential drugs, suitable systems for collecting vital statistics, sufficient financing, and the provision of adequate number of appropriately trained staff. To monitor the evolving global health situation, to articulate evidence-based policy options, and to set standards and norms, it generates authoritative health information in consultation with leading experts. With the collaboration and support of many partners, involving the private sector, civil society, donors, international organizations and UN agencies, WHO carry out its business partners implementation programs within countries. These countries are encouraged by WHO through use of the strategic power of evidence, so that the activities are aligned with the priorities established by countries, as well, with best technical practices and guidelines. Both within countries and at the international level, WHO participates in ongoing reforms aimed at improving its effectiveness and efficiency as a means of improving its performance. For the ten-year period from 2006 till 2-15, the framework for organization-wide program of results, resources, budget and work is provided by the eleventh General Program of Work, whose title is â€Å"Engaging for Health. † (World Health Organization UniceF, 2009). Core functions of WHO are set out by the General Program of Work. These core functions are assessment of health trends, monitoring of health situation, building of sustainable institutional capacity, catalyzing change, providing technical support, articulating evidence-based and ethical policy options, setting of standards and norms and monitoring and promoting their implementations, dissemination and translation of valuable knowledge, stimulating the generating, shaping the research agenda, engaging in partnerships where joint action is required and providing leadership on matters critical to the health. The attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health is the objective of WHO as set out in its Constitution. Health is not defined as the absence of infirmity or disease but a state of social, mental, and physical well-being by the Constitution (World Health Organization, 2009). For Who, the supreme decision-making body is the World Health Assembly. It is attended by delegations from all 193 member states and is held annually in Geneva. WHO has 147 country offices and 6 regional offices in which more than eight thousand people from more than one hundred and fifty countries work. Its headquarters is located in Geneva. Experts in the fields of emergency relief, economics and health statistics, and people trained to manage information, financial and administrative systems and epidemiologists, scientists, public health specialists and medical doctors are all included within the staff of WHO. Since year 1950, a â€Å"World Health Day† has been celebrated annually on 7th April, to make the founding of the WHO. For World Health Day, each year a theme is selected and a priority area of concern for WHO is highlighted by this theme. To focus on key public health issues that affect the international community, this celebration is a global opportunity. Longer-term advocacy programs are launched by WHO on this day. Since year 2001, the themes adopted by WHO were, making hospitals safe in emergencies, protecting health from climate change, international health security, working together for health, making every child and mother count, road safety, shaping the future of life, moving for health and mental health (World Health Organization, 2009). Health and urbanization were focused by World Health Day of year 2010. To make cities healthier, a global movement has been called out by WHO, with the campaign, â€Å"1000 cities 1000 lives. † To open up streets for health activities, cities are being called and events are being organized worldwide. To illustrate the things done by people in order to improve health in their cities, the stories of urban health champions are being gathered. To open up public spaces to health is the global goal of the campaign, whether it may be activities in closing off portions of streets to motorized vehicle in thousand cities, or in clean-up campaigns, town hall meetings and parks. Conclusion Working in alignment with UNAIDS strategies and objectives is considered as important by WHO that works within the UNAIDS network, in terms of AIDS/HIV (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS World Health Organization, 2006). To eradicate polio is also one of the major aims of WHO. Since its Global Polio Eradication Initiative launched in year 1988, it has been successful in helping to reduce cases by ninety-nine percent. WHO also works to promote healthy and active aging for all individuals, to improve reproductive and sexual health, to reduce mortality and morbidity and to improve health during key stages of life, such as, adolescence, childhood, the neonatal periods, childbirth and pregnancy. References Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. , World Health Organization. (2006).  AIDS epidemic update, December 2006. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=q2H0b-WY1pUCoi=fndpg=PP7dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=o81vt6dHNBsig=w-igCuZIHqhnN14d8Vl-xWjQ6ho World Health Organization (Ed. ). (2005).  Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=F1yj1OloKkECoi=fndpg=PR6dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=AjyzxbbucWsig=8uB9EYpPQVaNQJeHVO2gpjTZPeg World Health Organization (Ed. ). (2007).  International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: Children Youth Version: ICF-CY. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=SWFQDXyU-rcCoi=fndpg=PR5dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=G6RLput0Jusig=ylQmuhg4-KfmHLpDjFhEDBTVstU World Health Organization (Ed. ). (2009).  Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=Ycbr2e2WPdcCoi=fndpg=PR5dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=aeG20uWfbpsig=YYv-sVCkhxmGdgvLlwVsYO2GBwc World Health Organization (Ed. ). (2009).  Global status report on road safety: time for action. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=Ndrf6DuCQHMCoi=fndpg=PP2dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=tclGNoiWXysig=87inySftslVc06SnetZIAvkOjV4 World Health Organization, UniceF. (2009). Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector: progress report 2009. Retrieved from:  http://apps. who. int/iris/handle/10665/44217 World Health Organization. (2006). The world health report: 2006: working together for health. Retrieved from:  https://extranet. who. int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/43432 World Health Organization. (2007). Everybodys businessstrengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHOs framework for action. Retrieved from:  http://apps. who. int/iris/handle/10665/43918 World Health Organization. (2008).  International Health Regulations (2005). World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=YRBoCh3ErrYCoi=fndpg=PR1dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=Xo3mvOQ5pdsig=haHbCg1_ZJ5VfctL0psN90J8oyk#v=onepageq=World Health Organizations (WHO)f=false World Health Organization. (2010).  Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2010. World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://books. google. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/books?hl=enlr=id=BxV0zjM7M8oCoi=fndpg=PP2dq=World+Health+Organizations+(WHO)ots=9TlNotHoP4sig=nKT9pBQnCgx_39qCByn_4OcflyM

Plato :: essays research papers

Plato.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato was the best known of all the great Greek philosophers. Plato’s original name was Aristocles, but in his school days he was nicknamed Platon (meaning â€Å"broad†) because of his broad shoulders. Born in Athens circa B.C. 427, Plato saught out political status. But during the Athenian democracy, he did not activly embrace it. Plato devoted his life to Socrates, and became his disciple in B.C. 409. Plato was outraged when Socarates was executed by the Athenian democrats in B.C. 399. He later left Athens convinced democracy wouldn’t make it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Years after Plato romed the Greek cities in Africa and Italy absorbing philosphical knowledge and then returning to Athens in B.C. 387. There he later created the first University on the ground of famous Greek Academus, which was later called the Academy. He remained at the Academy for the remainder of his life omitting 2 brief periods. He visited Syracuse and Greek Sicily to serve as a tutor for the new king, Dionysis II. Which ended out very badly when the King acted like a king, instead of a philospher. Perhaps Plato’s worse student.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He later returned to Athens and died in his early 80’s, circa B.C. 347. Plato’s work is argueably the most popular and influential of it’s kind ever published. His most popular work are transcripts, or dialogues between the great Socrates and himself. These dialogues are the basis of our general knowlege between Socrates’ views and Plato’s views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato was much like Socrates, in that he was mostly interested in moral philosophy and overlooked science [natural philosophy]. He considered the natural science as an inferior knowledge, not worthy of his time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato loved mathematics mainly because, back then, it idealized abstractions and seperated from the material world. Plato thought mathematics was the purest form of thoughts, and had nothing to do with everyday life. That doesn’t nessacarily apply to the matters of today. Plato belived in mathematics so much that he sketched a quote above the doorway of the Academy that stated, â€Å"Let no one ignorant of mathematics enter here.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato believed that mathematics, in ideal form, could be applied to the heavens. He expresses this in his dialogue of Timaeus, his scheme of the universe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his dialogue Timaeus Plato creates a fictioinal tale of Atlantis to put a

U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate And Oil Price

Both U.S. Dollar exchange rate and the oil monetary value are foremost variables which coerce the patterned advance of the universe economic system. Fluctuations in these variables deeply affect international trade and economic activities in all the states. Determination of the nexus between these cardinal variables is one of the critical issues, whether they are correlated or non. Is at that place any empirical grounds on the nexus between the variables? In this literature, I initiate by appraising all theoretical grounds that could clarify the relationship between U.S. Dollar exchange rate and oil monetary values. To get down with, as oil monetary value and oil trade is denominated in United State ‘s Dollars, motions in the effectual exchange rate of U.S. Dollar impact the monetary value of oil as alleged by all states outside United States. Therefore, fluctuation in the dollar exchange rate can arouse alterations in demand and supply of oil, which cause alterations in the oil monetary value. Second, the opposite tendency can besides be found, i.e. , oil monetary value fluctuation trigger alterations in effectual exchange rate. The ground can be found in the literatures on the effectual exchange rates. In the theoretical account proposed by Farquee ( 1995 ) , if a state stocks foreign assets, its effectual exchange rate appreciates and this motion occurs without hindering its current history balances. This is due to the ground that capital income absorbs the loss in trade grosss induced by the deteriorated fight. Change in oil monetary value affects all the universe instabilities and this induced alteration in international assets may hold an impact on effectual exchange rates of different states of the universe. Last but non the least, I take aggregation of different portfolio theoretical accounts, most significantly the 1s by Golub ( 1983 ) and Krugman ( 1983a ) which are developed to account for trade and fiscal interactions such as assistance and grants between United States, oil manufacturer states and the remainder of the universe particularly Europe. The comprehensive study of theoretical and empirical interactions between the two cardinal variables opens the manner for every possible nexus between the two variables either negative, positive and in both waies of causality. If there are some theoretical grounds for every possible nexus, so one has to be stronger than others. Therefore, the inquiry is to unknot the alternate theoretical account by facing to the informations. I hence, conduct an empirical survey of the relationship between dollar existent effectual exchange rate and the oil monetary values over the period straddling from 2007 to till day of the month. Prime focal point is on the long term relationship between these two vital variables. Among the possible account reviewed, the one affecting the equilibrium exchange rate is the exclusive account which fit the found relationship. The possible continuance of a long-run relationship between the dollar effectual exchange rate and oil monetary value assume causality between these variables. Earlier surveies show a causality way from oil monetary values to the U.S. dollar ( Amano and van Norden, 1995 among others ) . However, there are some statements which justify opposite way of causality i.e. , from U.S dollar to the oil monetary value. In this literature, I study the two types of causality and seek to measure the resulting of the relationship which determines the tendency of motion. The effectual dollar exchange rate has significant impact on the demand and supply of oil since it had influence on the monetary value of oil. The depreciation in the dollar reduces the monetary value of oil in the local markets of the states holding their several currencies under drifting exchange rate like Japan or Euro Zone. The states which have pegged their currency with the dollar have impersonal affect such as China. Generally, a lessening in the dollar exchange rate reduces the oil monetary value in the local markets of the consumer states. The lessening in monetary value of oil finally increases the demand for oil monetary value. This can be stated that dollar depreciation has positive impact on demand for oil and this addition demand contributes towards the rise in the monetary value of the oil. Oil companies use local currencies of manufacturer currencies to pay the fiscal liabilities and current fiscal duties such as rewards, revenue enhancements and other runing cost. These currencies are frequently linked or pegged to the dollar due to the fact that they fall in fixed-exchange rate governments adopted by most manufacturer states ( Frankel, 2003 ) . The alterations in monetary value of oil due to the alteration in the dollar exchange rate is less as estimated by the manufacturer states than estimated by the demander or consumer states. Necessary boring activities are linked straight to the oil monetary value. When oil monetary value addition, oil production besides addition by the manufacturer states to gain extra net incomes. This fact has been proved by different empirical surveies in states like North America, Latin American and Middle East. But this fact has non been proved true for African and European states. It is of import to that the relationship between boring a ctivities and oil monetary value in dollars has well changed since 1999. But it is difficult to happen that whether this alteration occur due to the debut of Euro currency in 1999 or due to the decrease in oil monetary value in 1998. Depreciation in the dollar monetary value novices rising prices ensuing decrease in the income of oil manufacturer states, the currencies which are pegged to the dollar. All the states are non affected in the say manner, states which mostly import from USA like OPEC is less affected than states than states which imports from Europe or Asia. Overall, depreciation in the dollar monetary value may cut down the supply of oil. On the short tally, supply is less or decrepit elastic to the monetary value in upward and downward way. The upward weak flexibleness is due to the production restraint and the downward flexibleness is weak due to really little fringy cost. Demand is besides inelastic in the short tally due to the deficiency of replacements available in the short tally ( Carnot and Hagege, 2004 ) . In short, demand and supply of oil in short is about inelastic in the short tally. Noticeable alterations in the supply and demand are chiefly discernible on the long term period. At this phase supply is more elastic due to the capableness of new investing and demand is more elastic due to the handiness of close replacements. By and large, a dollar effectual exchange rate depreciation cause an addition in the demand and supply of the oil significantly merely in the long tally, which tends to increase oil monetary value. The early old ages of 2000 ‘s period are an first-class illustration of this mechanism. Hagege and Carnot ( 2004 ) underlined that the addition in oil monetary values stems from two coincident factors on the one manus, incorrect appraisal of utmost demand for oil from United States and China. On the other manus, decreasing investing in the oil sector causes stagnancy in the capacity sweetening of oil supply. If this mechanism of demand and supply can right explicate the state of affairs of 2000s so this mechanism is unable to account for the relationship found in different empirical surveies. There are several groundss and grounds to believe that oil monetary value could impact dollar effectual exchange rate. Most frequent account of this impact that oil bring forthing states prefer fiscal investing in dollars ( Amano & A ; van Norden, 1993 & A ; 1995 ) . This model, explains that a haste in the oil monetary value boot the wealth of the oil manufacturer states which in bend addition the demand for dollar. Another account of this impact of oil monetary value on exchange rate can be found in the theoretical accounts such as Farguee ( 1995 ) and BEER theoretical account proposed by McDonald and Clark ( 1998 ) . In this attack, two independent variables are often used for explicating the exchange rate i.e. , net foreign investing and the footings of trade. A speedy initial concluding leads to a negative relation between oil monetary value and the dollar exchange rate. Addition in oil monetary value should deteriorate the United States footings of trade which consequences in t he dollar monetary value depreciation. A more comprehensive account would let explicating the positive relationship normally found in the literature by taking in history the comparative consequence on the United States compared to its trade spouses. If United States is an of import oil importer, an oil monetary value addition can deteriorate its state of affairs, nevertheless, if US import less than some other states like Japan or Euro zone, its place may good better compared to the other states. In this state of affairs, addition in the oil monetary value would take to the grasp in the dollar monetary value comparatively to the hankering and the euro, finally it leads to grasp in effectual footings in dollar. In an attack proposed by Krugman ( 1983a ) uses a vivacious symmetricalness of model to pattern how manufacturer states use the gross of their oil exports in dollars. Change in demand for dollar will impact the dollar exchange rate. The proposed theoretical account can be expressed mathematically as:Ten = CYWhere Ten = Oil monetary value denominated in dollar Y = Effective exchange rate of dollar C = Correlation Co-efficient This theoretical accounts help to find the correlativity between the oil monetary value and the effectual dollar exchange rate, either it is positive, negative or impersonal. This theoretical account besides explains the short term and long term impact of oil monetary value on the effectual exchange rate of the dollar and frailty versa. This empirical survey use monthly informations of oil monetary value denominated in the U.S dollar. Oil monetary values are expressed in existent footings and the exchange rate of dollar is effectual exchange rate. This survey tests the hypothesis at 5 % degree of significance. Hypothesis to be tested is as follows: Ho = There is a no correlativity between the oil monetary value and effectual exchange rate of dollar H1 = There is a correlativity between the two variables. Ho = There is a negative correlativity between the two variables H1 = There is positive correlativity between the oil monetary value and effectual exchange rate Above hypothesis are tested by Spearman rank correlativity utilizing SPSS, renowned statistical package. Data for this variable is collected through different beginnings such as Central Bank of Germany, Data Stream and Economagic which maintain the monthly norm informations of oil monetary value, effectual exchange rate and international gold monetary values. Sample size is of 42 values from each class. Oil monetary values and gold monetary values are denominated in the US dollar. Apparent observation of the natural information indicates the positive relation between oil monetary value and effectual dollar exchange rate.TestingThe testing of the hypothesis is done through SPSS v.16. Econometric technique of Spearman Rank Correlation is applied as it falls in the categorization of non-parametric trial. The consequences of econometric analysis shows that there is a medium positive correlativity between the oil monetary value and effectual exchange rate of dollar as co-efficient of correlativity is 0.316 which means that 1 dollar or 1 percent addition in oil monetary value will increase 0.316 % in the effectual dollar exchange rate. The oil monetary values show more variableness as compared to the exchange rate. The graphical presentation of the original information is as follows:Graphic Presentation of Oil Price and Exchange RateAbove graph shows a general positive tendency between the two variables over the period crossing from January 2007 to October 2010. The graph besides reveals greater variableness in the oil monetary value and less in the exchange rate. The variables are assigned as OP referred to oil monetary value and ER referred to effectual exchange rate of US dollar. The tabulated consequences show that there is a somewhat negative correlativity between the oil monetary value and gold rate. If oil monetary value addition by 1 % gold monetary value will diminish by 0.05 per centum under the influence of oil monetary value. The graphical presentation of the original values of oil monetary value and gold rate are as follows: The tabulated consequences show that there is little positive correlativity between the gold rate and the oil monetary value which means that 1 % addition in the exchange rate gives 0.085 % addition in the gold rate. The graphical presentation of the original informations of gilded monetary value and the exchange rate is follows:DecisionIn this literature, I have tried to happen the nexus between the US dollar effectual exchange rate and existent oil monetary values. Overall this survey focal point on merely the US dollar effectual exchange rate and existent oil monetary values but subsequently one other critical factor besides included in the theoretical account which helps to happen the corresponding dealingss between the variables. This survey shows that there is a important relation between the existent oil monetary values and the effectual exchange rate. In the short tally, consequences may be reverse but in the long tally consequences are in support of earlier surveies, which c oncluded that there is positive relationship between the exchange rate and the effectual dollar exchange rate. The fluctuation in the oil monetary value is far more intense than the fluctuation in the oil monetary value. This phenomenon is evident through the tested results and the besides in the graphical presentation. The adjustment velocity of effectual exchange rate is less than the oil monetary value. Results besides reveal that addition in the oil monetary value will increase the net foreign assets of the United States of America. The states whose currency is pegged to the US dollar will endure less with the addition in the oil monetary value and those states who falls in the floating exchange rate is affected more. The consequences besides reveals the of import fact, which is that the United States of America is basking the benefits of low monetary value and cheapest oil based energy over the period of more than half century as oil monetary value is denominated and traded worldwide in the US dollar. The addition in the oil monetary value will increase the demand for more US dollars to purchase the same quantum of oil and this increased demand will impact the exchange rate of the state with regard to the US dollar and this addition the import measure of the several consumer states and the manufacturer states will bask the benefits of more wealth.

Historians essays

Historians essays As history unfolds or produces, different attitudes or different moods and minds look back to the changes. Today, year 2003, America has essentially taken on from the New Left movement by historians. The interpretation involves the including of key circumstances and points. For example these historians look back to include these women who made contributions but were not recognized as do they include minorities as well. Many of these historians who have went back to retrace these pasts are of two categories: amateurs and professional. These seemingly same historians actually depict differently. The topic of debate for many historians such as George Bancroft or Frederick Jackson Turner is the concern of Native Americans and their role in history. Famous amateur historians such as William Byrd wanted or hoped the American relationship with the Natives would have more or less resembled that of the French. The French had intertwined the differences of eh two cultures by promoting sanction between men and women of both the French and Native culture (i.e. marriage). A controversial debate with Byrds idea of Natives is the application of dowries in those marriages or assuming the Natives as gifts. The ambition by many historians such as Byrd was that once the initial threat of these Native Americans was depleted then the relationship would be reshaped. Edmund Randolph, another amateur historian, had a similar but different aspect of the Natives as William Byrd. Circumstances surrounding each historian, such as the society around was molded by constant confrontations between the white settlers and the founding Native Americans. These quarrels or wars shaped a different attitude for the various historians. Edmund Randolph described to his viewers that the white frontiersmen had broken the law when they crossed over the Proclamation Line following the Seven Years War. ...

sound waves essays

sound waves essays Sound is part of our everyday lives. Just like we have eyes for, we are given ears for hearing sound. We rarely take the time to think about the characteristics of sound and the ways that they are made. The basis for an understanding of sound and hearing is the physics of waves. Sound is a wave, which is created by vibrating objects and spread through a medium from one location to another. In this paper, we will look at the nature, properties and behaviors of sound waves. A wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium, transporting energy from one location to another location. The medium is simply the material through which the sound, or disturbance, is moving; it can be thought of as a series of interacting particles. The example of a slinky wave is often used to illustrate the nature of a wave. A disturbance is typically created within the slinky by the back and forth movement of the first coil of the slinky. The first coil becomes disturbed and begins to push or pull on the second coil; this push or pull on the second coil will shift the second coil from its balanced position. As the second coil becomes shifted, it begins to push or pull on the third coil; the push or pull on the third coil displaces it from its balanced position. As the third coil becomes shifted, it begins to push or pull on the fourth coil. This process continues one after the other, each individual particle acting to displace the neighboring particle; eventually the disturbance travels all the way through the slinky. As the disturbance moves from coil to coil, the energy which was originally introduced into the first coil is transported along the medium from one location to another. A sound wave is similar to a slinky for a couple of reasons. First, there is a medium, which carries the disturbance from one location to another. Usually, this medium is air; though it could be any material such as water or steel. The medium is simpl...

Obaid Al Slamis Career Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Obaid Al Slamis Career - Assignment Example Mr. Slami has a complete career in the banking sector and he started off as an assistant general manager. In the initial years of his career, he was a bit confused and sidetracked about the type of job to do in order to focus on one career. This can be inferred from the fact that first, he started off as a part-time as an assistant manager and then he changed his line to teaching accounting for about a good three years. This can also be stated as a positive aspect that the individual had a deep insight about the technical know-how through his experience as a part-time. The second added benefit is that he also had a good amount of knowledge about the facts and figures pertaining to the area of accounting through his teaching career. Mr. Slami is also somebody who has a pretty good knowledge of how different types of banks function because throughout his career he switched to many various types of banks. He has the experience of about three different banks. He has even worked as an auditor and finally ended up being the General Manager in an investment bank. Career development is a complete procedure of how an individual takes up a different variety of tasks, and roles to develop a set line of skills and experience. A career in terms of jobs is committing, yourself to a role physically and emotionally for a certain period of time. This time period is helpful in gaining an insight of the tasks carried out at a particular job and human developmental training. For this purpose, it is highly essential that the individual is focused, carrier oriented and be moving towards a level of self-actualization. The person mentioned in the resume takes the career as a structured pattern of activities that tend to create a path in one direction focused on one field of interest.  

Sea Level Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sea Level - Assignment Example Humans, animal life and natural resources face the direct effects of sea level change, global warming and climate change at large. The California Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for the development, implementation and enforcement of the states environmental protection laws (Ferrey 143). Cal/EPA aims to minimize air, water and land pollution. Therefore, the concerns addressed by the Cal/EPA are tailored towards the realization of human, animal and natural resource welfare, amid environmental hardships in the contemporary times. In this regard, sea level change and its impacts on human population, animal life and natural resources falls in the Cal/EPA docket. While the impacts of sea level change are both positive and negative, the need to address the causes of sea level change cannot be ignored. This is due to the fact that this scenario is being experienced as a result of climate change, characterized by persistent climate change. The threats posed by sea level change at all aspects of the state are significant to account for. In fact, this is not only a local, regional and national matter, but also an international undertaking. The Cal/EPA, through you and all its personnel is at a better position to quicken environmental advocacy in relation to sea level change. This is because, while outcome of sea level change may be devastating, this phenomenon continues to receive less than adequate attention across social, economic and political

The Role of Women in Politics and Power Creation Assignment

The Role of Women in Politics and Power Creation - Assignment Example Merely naming the pejorative stereotypes attributed to Black women (e.g. mammy, the matriarch, Sapphire, whore, bull dagger), let alone cataloging the cruel, often murderous, treatment we receive, Indicates how little value has been placed upon our lives during four centuries of bondage in the Western hemisphere. We realize that the only people who care enough about us to work consistently for our liberation are us. Our politics evolve from a healthy love for ourselves, our sisters, and our community, which allows us to continue our struggle and work. This focusing upon our own oppression is embodied in the concept of identity politics. We believe that the most profound and potentially most radical politics come directly out of our own identity, as opposed to working to end somebody else's oppression. In the case of Black women, this is a particularly repugnant, dangerous, threatening, and therefore revolutionary concept because it is obvious from looking at all the political movemen ts that have preceded us that anyone is more worthy of liberation than ourselves. We reject pedestals, queenhood, and walking ten paces behind. To be recognized as human, levelly human, is enough... ( Williams, Mary, & Emerson 2008)

Using the Writing Process Essay Example for Free

Using the Writing Process Essay In the article that researcher Deborah Tannen wrote entitled ‘How Male and Female Students Use Language Differently,’ she relates her experiences about linguistic research and then indicates that, in the different regional, ethnic, and class backgrounds, there is great difference with the way males and females use their own languages. This paper revolves around the article written by Deborah Tannen, which was originally published in the Chronicle of Higher Education in the year 1991. In the end, it proves how males and females differ in their use of language, and that males tend to speak more when in public, while females speak more when in private. Thus, open class discussions are more apt to the male gender, while small group discussions are more apt to the female gender. Females are more shy and withdrawn when drawn to the public. Main Body Summary In the article, Tannen (1991) distinguishes some of the apparent differences when it comes to males and females’ use of language. One of the differences is that, females who come from single-sex schools â€Å"do better in later life† (Tannen, 1991, p. 38). Apart from that, males usually talk more whenever they sit next to females in classrooms. Tannen (1991) also relates how sociologists J. Lever, M. H. Goodwin, and D. Eder proves that both males and females learn to use language differently in their peer groups. Tannen (1991) recalls, Typically, a girl has a best friend with whom she sits and talks, frequently telling secrets. It’s the telling of secrets, the fact and the way that they talk to each other†¦ For boys, activities are central: their best friends are the ones they do things with. Boys also tend to play in larger groups that are hierarchical. (Tannen, 1991, p. 38) Males have a lot of experiences being with larger crowds and this entails them to talk more. Tannen (1991) mentions how males and females around the world differ in linguistic styles, their verbal rituals usually engage males in a contest or war of words, while females usually engage in ritual laments through rhyming couplets that express their feelings (p. 39). In American conversation, however, Tannen (1991) relates her teaching experiences, and comes to the conclusion that male teachers do â€Å"verbal sparring† (p. 39); female teachers, however, usually do verbal touching that makes the discussion more hospitable to many students in the class. The latter, however, appear to be uninteresting and boring to the males. Tannen (1991) mentions three reasons on why males speak more in class than females: first is because the setting appears to be public, which males find more interesting; second is because the setting is more conducive to debate-like communication; third and final is because the setting reflects different attitudes toward speaking, which males have had more experiences with (p. 40). Females appear to be more shy or withdrawn, as compared to males. Response In relation to the main topic that is: there is a great difference with the way males and females use their own languages, I personally agree to this because I always experience what she just mentioned about male students speaking more in class. In most of the classes that I attended to, it is always the male side that opens up new topics to discuss, for example, and then the females are usually the ones that stretch the topic to new horizons or angles of discussion. This makes it more lively and entertaining. However, I do not agree about what Tannen (1991) mentioned about females that come from single-sex schools doing better in life. In fact, my experiences relate that females that come from single-sex schools appear to be more withdrawn and shy when mixed in classes that are composed of both males and females. It appears that they are more apt only in communicating with females, which is opposed to what they should have learned in school. Thus, what Tannen (1991) finds, that based on her experiment in class it is better to put males and females in smaller groups, females that come from single-sex schools are more apt to this type of discussion style. There are certain styles that this type of females find obscure and incomprehensible, since they are more comfortable only with their own gender. About male teachers doing verbal sparring, while female teachers do verbal touching, this is not always the case. I have had teachers that do the opposite thing: males that do verbal touching and females that do verbal sparring. It is always better to mix male and female teachers because it makes the class more rounded when talking of discussions. Females stretch out to new horizons, while males make the topic more interesting: one that would stick to the mind of the students. Yet, as a whole, I personally agree that more females are shy and withdrawn when compared to males that are more adventurous and daring. Lastly, in relation to the three reasons that Tannen (1991) mentioned that are the following: first is that male students speak more in class because they have had more experiences to public speaking. In relation to this, it is true that speaking in class is speaking in public, especially if the class is new and the students have not yet known one another. The second reason that Tannen (1991) mentioned, about male students speaking more in class because they are more conducive to debate-like communication, in general this may be true although a lot of females also tend to debate with other students, so this is not yet closed as it is. With the third reasons that Tannen (1991) mentioned, about males speaking more in class because they have had more experiences with dealing with different attitudes, this is also not closed as it is, since there are lots of males that do not have much experiences being with the public, such as one of my associates in class. He is a male; yet, he is shy and withdrawn. Conclusion In the different regional, ethnic, and class backgrounds, Tannen (1991) finds that there is great difference with the way males and females use their languages. Nevertheless, it is never good to put both genders in closed doors. There are always exceptions to the case. Reference Tannen, D. (1991). How male and female students use language differently. In Learning at school (pp. 38-43). Place: publisher.

Mass Tourism And Damage in Tourism

Mass Tourism And Damage in Tourism Chichen Itza is a famous tourism and archaeological site in Mexico. It is situated in the Yucatan Peninsula state of Mexico. Chichen Itza was built by the Mayas, one of the oldest existing habitations of Mexico and the world. The site was also known Uucyabnal, which means Seven Great Rulers (Henderson,1997). It is located at approximately 25 miles southeast of the city of Merida. It is also known as one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. In year of 1988, it was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Since 2007, when Chichen-Itzas El Castillo (Kukulkan Pyramid) was named in the list as one of the New 7 Wonders of the World after a worldwide vote, the number of visiting tourists increased by 75 per cent. Now the Mexican tourism board is expecting to double this tourist number by 2012. Almost 2.5 million tourists visited Chichen ltza in 2009 (Mexico tourism statistics, 2010). The pyramid of Kukulkan, the Feathered Serpent God (also known as Quetzalcoatl to the Toltecs and Aztecs) is the largest and most important ruin structure at Chichen Itza. The old Spaniards (Mexico was ruled by Spain in past) called it El Castillo, which means the Castle. However, the pyramid does not look like a castle and in old times it was used for religious and astronomical purposes. This legendary ninety-foot tall pyramid was built during the 11th to 13th centuries. The basic structure is based upon the previous pyramid (Barkin, 2000). The architecture of the pyramid shows some specific information about the old Mayan calendar, it is directly linked to the solstices and equinoxes. According to equinoxes two times a year there is an illusion of a snake, which is created by the sun, the pyramid has a set of 91 steps each side, which when linked together with the shared step of the stage at the top, total 365 steps which is indicative of the number of days in a year. The core ball court was the biggest ball court of those times, the size of the ball court is 166 x 68 meters and the sides are lined with sculptures of ball players (similar to the game of basketball). El Caracole (the central pyramid), or the Snail, is a round building with a twisting staircase that served as an observatory. The pyramid contained various instruments to help determine important dates and details in the Mayan calendar. Particularly, the equinox and the solstice were important in view of astronomy. An interesting and famous fact by the Mayan calendar is December 21, 2012 as this is the last day of the earth which is also depicted as doomsday (Tencati, 2007). This site is open almost every day of the year during the hours of 8 am to 5 pm. There is a light and sound show performed at 7 pm every day to attract tourists. Research says, this light and sound show is very harmful for Chichen Itza in view of sustainability. Management issues at the site 1. Mass Tourism and Damage 1.1 Current and Future of Mass Tourism Since the late 1930s tourism has grown worldwide. Due to the fact that after World War II western people were crucial in introducing free time and leisure activities to the working class, consequently there is more spending money for holidays (Judd Fainstein, 1999). This phenomenon has been the major cause in the increasing volume of tourism in Mexico. In the book Archaeological Tourism Walker (2009) refers to four Hs of cultural or indigenous tourism: habitat, history, handicrafts and heritage researched by Valene Smith (1996): habitat means the geographic setting and underlying platform for the visit. History implies post-contact relations between Westerners and aboriginal groups. Handicrafts often are created for souvenirs and made from local goods, which are relative to the market demands of tourism. Lastly, heritage refers to the body of knowledge and skills associated with human survival in terms of individual values and beliefs. In this case, the tourism interaction of Chichà ƒ ©n Itzà ¡ offered all of these elements and more. Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ and its dominating features have become the symbol of Mexico for example; the pyramids of Kukulcà ¡n and El Catillo. The achievements of the Mayan Riviera in astronomy are also widely known in the cycles of the heavens namely in the Maya calendar. As a result, there is an influx of visitors to Mexico who are timing their travels, to coincide with astronomical phenomena. Furthermore during the spring and fall equinoxes, the pyramid presents a graphic depiction of darkness and light, symbolizing day and night. The sun of the late afternoon creates the illusion of a snake creeping slowly down the northern staircase (The University of North Carolina, 2011), large crowds of visitors come to the site to view this spectacle. Juan Jose Martà ­ Pacheco, a secretary for the Tourist Promotion of Yucatan has identified the number of visitors to Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ has increased by 75 percent since being named a wonder of the world (New 7 Wonders, 2010). In addition the number of tourists expected to visit Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ will double by 2012 (Lyn M, 2008). In response to this influx of tourists for the near future, the World Heritage Alliance (an international organization which is responsible for supporting World Heritage conservation, sustainable tourism and local economic development for communities in and around UNESCO World Heritage sites). Is working with the Secretary of Tourism for Mexico and the Mexican Tourism Board, along with the founding partners of the World Heritage Alliance, Expedia, Inc. (NASDAQ: EXPE) and the United Nations Foundation, have extended more partnership to promote and preserve World Heritage sites especially Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ through 2012 (Consejo de Promocià ³n Turà ­stica de Mà ©xico, 2007). 1.2 Carrying Capacity Management The impact of over tourism is also related to the natural resources in Chichà ©n Itzà ¡. Many archaeologists are concerned about the public consequences of their research and restoration in heritage sites and are making important efforts to provide archaeologically and environmentally responsible, sustainable, and educationally sound contributions to local communities and national governments (Walker, 2009). In particular the responses of local government, the Nature Conservancy and the Rainforest Alliance have been working to build capacity for conservation by working with local communities and promoting sustainable livelihoods that support forest health and biodiversity conservation in the Maya Forest region (Ayen, 2007). On the other hand the planning for the construction of water management in the ancient city of Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ takes into account practical considerations for the needs of a growing population, as well as preventing flooding during the rainy season that may be the cause of architecture collapse (Rocio, Osorio Schmidt, 2009). 1.3 Security in Mass Tourism The security concerns separate into two issues. First is the security of their own material patrimony such as artifacts on display in a museum, monuments and archaeological materials. Second is the safety and comfort of visitors. Breglia (2006) explained that preventive measures at that site included the installation of ropes or chains to assist in climbing certain structures and to prohibit public access to others. The stairs of the structure are narrow footholds and also difficult for visitors to navigate even under dry conditions. Moreover, there is no an official policy to warn visitors against climbing, even when the lightest rains turn climbing into a slippery and dangerous undertaking. Although tourism is the only product where the consumer must go to the source to consume, this is more apparent in the Maya world where major archaeological destinations namely Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ in Mexico, expected in the order of over million visitors a year (Meethan, Anderson Miles, 2009). However, citing concerns over safety after various incidents of death and serious injury that visitors have sustained over the years at Chichà ©n Itzà ¡, the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) in Mexico has closed down most of the popular monuments to solve the tourist traffic problem on the site (Cyark, 2011). For instance, El Castillo, the main pyramid of Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ was closed after a tourist fell to her death in 2006. In addition, the Jaguar Throne room was also closed down in 2007. 2. Vendors The next problem on this site is the local vendors, who try to sell local craft carved stone, cheap price Mexican cloth and food. This site has more than 500 vendors in the corridor of the pyramid. These vendors create some big hassles for tourists and management because they try to up sale their vending items to the tourists. The more important thing is that these vendors have unstructured shops in the protected area of the pyramid. During the season, this number reaches in the thousands. The visual appeal of site is affected by their tables and blankets in the park. Almost every tourist is affected by these vendors and their push selling strategies. The federal government has developed a new plan for these vendors. The director of Regional Programs on site, Juan Carlos Arnau says, There is a project to build a space outside the archaeological zone for the sale of crafts and to offer complementary productive alternatives for the local communities. This plan is in progress with coordination of the state government of Yucatan and diverse local municipal governments. But yet, there is no defined date to start this project but it is targeted to finish by the year 2012. 3. Economic Inequality Tourism in Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ is a main source of economic growth in the Yucatà ¡n Peninsula. According to the book Population, Development and Environment on the Yucatà ¡n Lutz, Prieto and Sanderson (2000) identified that the next 20 years of tourism in Yucatà ¡n Peninsula, tourism will be the most dynamic economic activity on Yucatà ¡n peninsula in both the short and medium terms. With the increasing tourism and population, it might be a main factor which affects environmental problems directly. Thus ecotourism should be a right technique to balance both a big amount of tourists and environment. Due to that fact that ecotourism is an accessible Engine of economic growth which without excessively heavy investment can help a country generate foreign exchange and added to this is the hope it will be green and sustainable (Barrow, 2006). Infrastructure Development Improvements have been made in Yucatà ¡n since 1990, for example; the international airport and highway transportation system. The purposes of this practice is to provide a more accessible gateway to the ancient Maya site of Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ and also to the new maquila plants opening around Valladolid (Baklanoff Moseley, 2008). At this time, the main causeway under construction aims to access directly and indirectly to the center of the Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ site, integrated by the Group of the Castle and the Group of the Thousand Columns, both built on top of the Great Leveling (Ruiz, 2009). Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ has become the nexus of this great metropolis, and the strict internal political control that existed through this sophisticated network. 4. Land Ownership Chichen Itza sold (A conflict between property owner and government is finished) It is a great mystery for the millions of visitors around the world who trip to the site each year that, Chichen Itza has been privately owned for the past 500 years. On March 29, 2010, Hans Jurgen Thies Barbachano, owner of the 200 acre property on which some of the worlds most identifiable monuments stand, EL Castillo, the ball court and the temple of warriors, decided to sell his belongings to the state of Yucatan for $220 million Mexican ($17.6 million US). This property war ended after more than a decade of debate between the property owner and the state federal government. Various stakeholders such as the vendors and the local people have been affected by this decision. According to an interview of Barbachano Gomez Rul, brother of the property owner during the years of 2005 and 2006,the owner has received a certain percentage of tourist tickets sold. The owner has his own entrance gate and has developed his own hotel in front of the pyramid named the Maya land resort (Alright, 2000). The owner said in interviews that he was not opposed to selling Chichen Itza, he only wanted a reasonable price, which he estimated at $250 million in US dollars which was a huge amount. According to the director of INAH at the time, Alfonso Maria y Fields, INAH made a formal offer for pyramid and that all archeological zone of $8 million Mexican, but again received no response from the owner. By the end of 2006 the owner was dead and his Chichen Itza property belonged to his grandson, Han Jurgen Thies Barbachano. The new owner had accepted the new deal of the government and Chichen Itza was sold to the state government for $220 million Mexican peso or $17.6 million US dollar, on 29 March 2010. Although, the owner is still waiting to receive the money, the principal parties signed a purchase contract in front of a press conference. Jorge Esma Bazan, director of Yucatans Culture, illustrated a 10-point policy plan for the future of this archeological site. This policy regulation explained future work with cooperation INAH. This contract also has some points to discuss with vendors and try to find out a solution for them. The policy is focused on the creation more opportunities for the local Mayan people. The policy also illustrates future major tasks for the state government in the field of research and restoration of Chichen Itza. Current Management Practices at the site To support the growing tourism of Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ in 2012, the government has to manage the main issue that is mass tourism. Dr. Steven Fly (2011), the author of Plugging Yucatà ¡n into the Tourism Circuit in Yucatà ¡n Living Online Magazine, mentions Plan Maetro Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ (Master plan of Chichà ©n Itzà ¡) 2011 that this Yucatà ¡n tourism project is part of an integrated plan with the archaeological sites, two new attractions (Museum of the Maya World in Merida and Palace of the Maya Civilization) and the circuit of infrastructure. With the large number of tourists predicted for the future, Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ will not be the only place to encounter this fast tourism in the Yucatà ¡n. New attractions have been created for this reason. The Palace of the Maya Civilization is a museum which is proposed in Yaxcaba, located approximately ten kilometers from Chichà ©n Itzà ¡. The museum reveals the origins of the Maya world and includes a 300-seat IMAX theater and gift shop, a courtyard and outdoor amphitheater. Museum of the Maya World in Merida closed to the Siglo XXI convention centre on December 21, the significant date is from the belief of the Maya calendar, which is the end of the world in 2012. Moreover the government is also creating the tourist complex in Rio Largartoes city with government owned resorts and hotels. As well as a tourist intelligence information system offered by the state government will introduce tourists to the new attractions and will assist the state in a part of capacity management. The circuit of infrastructure consists of the network of four features in the peninsula are archaeology, colonial, ecological and coastal circuits. These tourist circuits are redesigned and rebuilt roadways. In part of infrastructure in the Mayan World will be started with improvements and remodeling of the Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ International Airport in Kaua. Next project will be the redesign and renovation of the Malecon in Progreso which is a major port that will have an increase in traffic due to several cruise ship lines each year. Finally, there is the construction of cross peninsular trenes rapidos (fast train) named Bullet Train. The major route will be across the Yucatà ¡n Peninsula, from Mà ©rida to Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ and Valladolid. Recommendations for Sustainable Management The state government should limit the numbers of tourists on the site per day and arrange a timetable by online reservation for group tours and individually. To enhance security on the site, the government has to provide more infrastructures, for examples; the international public signs, the gates surrounding the site and general facilities. Due to the mass tourism, the impact may lead to pollution problems in the future. Thus the government should prepare for waste management. Local government and INAH should support the locality by buying the art works and refuse purchasing products from endangered animals or being offered illegal products. Moreover, most of indigenous products can be value added when displayed in art galleries and art museums. Government should reduce the trading hours of the site. Currently its open 365 days consisting 10 hours each day. Possibly it should be 5 days a week for tourism sustainability. Local government and INAH can buy this art and can sell to tourists in proper art gallery or can show in an art museum which is beneficial for both, vendors and government. Tourist can also enjoy this art in meaningful manner and can enjoy trip without vendors hassle. Local Craft institute can be an option to support this art and vendors to educate the locals and vendors. Conclusion With support and promotion by the Mexican government, Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ has become one of the globally well-known sites as the symbol of Mexico. Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ is also faced with many management issues such as mass tourism, vendors, economic inequality and land ownership since being one of Seven Wonders of the World in 2007. As a result, the state government has to invest the budget in infrastructure, new attractions and accommodations to encounter an increasing number of tourists everyday. However, the side-effect of this practice leads to excessive tourism accessing the main attractions. Therefore, the government should start limiting the number of tourists allowed at the site. Due to the fact that uncontrolled tourism will damage existing structures, new infrastructure and nature. As well as the government needs to find the solution for the waste problem from over-visitation in the near future.